Some basic knowledge about cpu, criticism and corrections are welcome
Vendor
Two major manufacturers, AMD Intel
CPU generation
I7 6700K, 6 represents the 6th generation, 7 represents the performance level, 0 represents the type of nuclear display, and 0 represents the power in the standard voltage.
U, M, HQ, F, X, XE, K
HQ high-performance 4 cores, u is low power consumption, F is the CPU without core and graphics card (HD620) X is the supreme version. The ultimate version of XE Extreme Edition. K is not frequency locked.
The physical structure of the CPU
1. PCB (substrate, printed circuit board): generally 6 layers, each layer has a different circuit, and the 6 layers are connected to form a complete circuit board.
2. Silicon crystal: provide computing power
3. Heat dissipation (silicon crystal and shell with silicone grease)
4. Package (interface) PGA pin type, pin type, card type, LGA electric shock type, BGA (welded to the motherboard)
Manufacturing process
Mainstream Intel processors will have 2 billion transistors, high-end products can reach 6 billion, using photolithography technology; the photolithography process is to use a certain wavelength of light to carve the corresponding nicks in the photosensitive layer, which changes The chemical properties of the material
In the transistor structure, current flows from Source to Drain, and Gate is equivalent to a gate, which is mainly responsible for controlling the on and off of the source and drain at both ends. The current will be lost, and the width of the gate determines the loss when the current passes, which is manifested as the common heat and power consumption of mobile phones. The narrower the width, the lower the power consumption. The minimum width of the gate (gate length) is the value in the XX nm process.
1. Taiwanese manufacturer TSMC made the chip into 7nm for the first time,
2. lithography machine to engrave the circuit. The three giants of lithography machine manufacturers, ASML (Dutch manufacturer) in 2014, partnered with TSMC to develop immersive (ultraviolet) lithography machines, which were released in 2017, which also led to ASML becoming the world's largest lithography machine manufacturer
3. China can only do 28mm. China's largest chip manufacturer is SMIC. The boss is Taiwanese and Zhang Rujing is a Taiwanese. Since its establishment, he has been sued by TSMC (TSMC's acquisition of Zhang Rujing and created by TSMC), and he resigned in November 2009.
4. The degree of integration is different from the process. The Intel process is 10nm but can integrate 108 million transistors, the Samsung process 7nm integrates 110 million transistors, and the Taiwan electromechanical process 7nm integrates 55 million.
CPU architecture
The functions are divided into: control unit, logic unit, storage unit, logic unit provides computing capability, and storage unit provides storage during calculation.
Bit and word length: 32bit, 64bit (binary). Corresponding to 4 bytes, 8 bytes.
1B=8b, 1 byte is equal to 8 binary
1024GB=1TB, PB, EB (the memory base is 1024, the speed base is 1000)
CPU frequency
The main frequency does not represent the operating speed, it represents the calculation speed (the operating speed follows the barrel principle)
Frequency: CPU frequency = FSB x multiplier
CPU-Motherboard-MEM (the connection between the CPU and the motherboard)
1. The FSB is related to the external The frequency of connection is generally locked up now.
2. Frequency multiplier is a coefficient (doping). The frequency multiplier is changed by changing the voltage.
3. The popularization of external frequency is 100MHZ, 133MHz.
4. Celeron overclocking event, 8250K behind the CPU represents the overclocking
technology (automatically adjust the frequency and Voltage to overclock) The
higher the frequency does not mean the better the performance.
Cache
The higher the level, the larger the cache, the farther away from the memory, the slower the speed, generally better 9-16MB
general CPU level three cache, server level 4 cache starts
Instruction Set
It is the instructions and commands that direct the work of the machine. The program is a series of instructions arranged in a certain order. The process of executing the program is the working process of the computer. The collection of all instructions in a computer is called the instruction set.
Type: X86 instruction set, EM64T instruction set,
RISC architecture (reduced instruction set computer), CISC architecture (complex instruction set computer)
extended instruction set
MMX (video instruction set), 3D processing instructions
CPU is not good at handling 3D performance, mainly relying on graphics cards
Type: MMX instruction set, SSE series instruction set, 3D NOW! Expand the instruction set, 3DNow! +Instruction set,
CV-T instruction set is a virtual instruction set
ARM (a British manufacturer, a company that designs CPU architecture), designing the CPU architecture, and the current mobile phone and chip architecture are all designed by
ARM, and the architecture designed by ARM is sold to Qualcomm and others.
Hyperthreading, threads and processes. Multi-core
Hyper-threading technology refers to the simultaneous execution of multiple programs on one CPU and sharing of resources in one CPU. In fact, only one more logic processing unit is added to the CPU.
The program running is the process, and the operation interface manages the process to realize the operation. The process runs in memory.
1. The smallest unit of CPU processing is the thread, and the thread facing the CPU is a separate processing path.
2. The process faces the operating system (OS)
3. A program is a collection of instructions, and a program may be completed by multiple processes.
**Thread: **Each process contains at least one thread, and these threads are sharing the resource space of the process, etc. When the thread changes, it will only cause the CPU execution process to change, and will not change what the process has Resources. Similarly, a program contains at least one process. The smallest unit for performing calculations in a process is also the basic unit for executing processor scheduling
**Process:** Each process has its own address space, resources such as memory, I/O, CPU, threads in the same process If you share the address space of this process, can you use the address space of another process? Obviously this is not possible. Due to the independence of the process, when a process crashes, it will not affect other processes in the protected mode. The basic unit of resource allocation, the basic unit of operation scheduling, and the unit of concurrent execution in the system.
Multi-core technology refers to having multiple processor cores with the same function in a single processor of a single semiconductor. That is to integrate multiple cores into one core.
Fan power
Air cooling, water cooling, liquid nitrogen cooling.
Contrasting, conspiring. There are copper and aluminum fan blades, and copper fan heat is better. The more fan hot pieces, the better.
CPU packaging
The CPU is available in loose chips and boxes. Bulk films are cheaper.