The Filecoin market can operate efficiently because customers can be confident that storage miners on the network are storing their data correctly. This confidence comes from Filecoin's own unique proof system to ensure that storage on the Filecoin network works in accordance with the contract.
With Filecoin, the storage of miners will be publicly audited. In other words, our proof of storage provides a guarantee for every user of the Filecoin network that all miners store data as promised. Storage verification is the glue that holds the Filecoin market together; it ensures the integrity of all data stored on the network.
In order for these data integrity checks to provide storage users with the assurance they want, these checks must be part of the most basic protocol of Filecoin. This is where the Filecoin proof system comes into play.
The proof system is an encryption protocol used by participants (usually miners) to verify storage services. Filecoin's proof system solves a thorny problem of distributed storage: how do miners prove that they really store the time data they say and their dedicated physical space? To understand this, we need to look at how Filecoin achieves decentralized storage and what makes its proof system unique.
How Filecoin Realizes Decentralized Storage V丨hugoschan
In centralized storage services, we trust well-known companies or entities, which can guarantee the integrity and security of the system. This third-party entity is the key to maintaining network trust. For example, when we use Amazon S3 for cloud storage, we don't really trust the data server network used by Amazon. On the contrary, we believe that Amazon will ensure that the network operates as promised—according to the company’s service level agreement, the data we store on Amazon will be safe and available.
Trust in decentralized storage networks is more difficult to achieve. On the Filecoin network, anyone in the world can provide storage space. But to maintain trust on a decentralized network like Filecoin, you need to build trust in the global network itself.
Filecoin's proof system does this by establishing trust in the protocol layer of the Filecoin blockchain. The Filecoin protocol uses proof of storage as the core mechanism for reaching consensus in the Filecoin blockchain.
On every public blockchain, "consensus" defines an agreement about data items that exist on the blockchain. In order to achieve this consensus, the blockchain relies on consensus algorithms to generate new blocks to protect the blockchain from false data input. These algorithms precisely determine how miners construct and maintain blockchains.
However, although other blockchains rely on consensus algorithms that require miners to perform wasteful work (for example, POW), Filecoin's consensus mechanism allows miners to participate in the useful work of providing and verifying the integrity of stored data (various storage proofs, Proof -of-Replication and Proof-of-Spacetime).
This means that the Filecoin blockchain itself verifies the storage behavior performed by miners. This is how Filecoin builds trust in the protocol layer of its decentralized network. As the core, Filecoin's consensus algorithm consists of two sealing mechanisms to publicly verify data storage on the Filecoin chain: Proof-of-Replication and Proof-of-Spacetime.
Proof-of-Replication和Proof-of-Spacetime V丨hugoschan
To verify Filecoin storage on the decentralized network, you need to prove two things. First, you need to prove that the correct data set is stored in the given storage space. Second, you need to prove that the same data set is stored continuously for a given period of time.
Filecoin's proof algorithm performs these verification tasks. The copy proof proves that the given miner stores the only physical copy of the client's original data, while the time-space proof proves that the client data is stored continuously over time. Both of these proofs are like this.
Proof of Copy (PoRep) starts with a process called "sealing". A miner dedicated a part of the available storage space, called "sectors", to store customer data. Once this area is filled, it is sealed. Sealing is a set of operations that gradually turns a sector into the only copy of the original data. This copy is associated with the public key of the Filecoin miner. In order to execute the final PoRep, the miner then submits the encrypted hash of the copy (its CommR) to the public Filecoin blockchain.
Through PoRep, miners can provide public proof that they are storing a unique code of customer data when the proof is executed. Only miners with all the original data can submit the correct CommR (an on-chain commitment to a copy) to the Filecoin chain. However, only one PoRep cannot verify whether the storage is continuous over time.
This is the function of Proof of Time (PoSt). In PoSt, miners are required to provide PoRep for randomly selected storage sectors that they maintain. This is done through a procedure to issue cryptographic challenges to miners, which can only be answered correctly by directly consulting the sealing department. Miners must meet this challenge within a strict time limit. Each miner must prove all of its storage every day, and also randomly select miners to prove storage to win the block. The computational difficulty of sealing ensures that miners must maintain access and integrity of the sealed area at all times.
PoRep and PoSt together constitute Filecoin's unique proof system, which is a combination of storage proof and space proof.
In addition to its proof system, the Filecoin network also relies on game theory motivations to prevent malicious or negligent behavior. All miners who agree to store data on the Filecoin network must provide a guarantee in the form of Filecoin when signing the agreement. Any storage miners that fail the PoSt check will be punished, and whenever the penalty is applied, part of the collateral will be lost. After excessive penalties, all collaterals will be lost, and miners are also forbidden to provide storage services to customers
Interstellar Data V丨hugoschan
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