OSI protocol;
application layer, presentation layer, session layer, transport layer, network layer, data link layer, physical layer
TCP

TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
TCP/IP defines how electronic devices access the Internet and how data is transmitted between them;
TCP/IP contains a series of protocols for processing data communication:
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)-communication between applications
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)-simple communication between applications
IP (Internet Protocol)-computer Communication between
ICMP (Internet Message Control Protocol)-for errors and status
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)-for dynamic addressing
TCP uses a fixed connection
TCP for communication between applications.
When an application wants to communicate with another application via TCP, it sends a communication request. This request must be sent to an exact address. After the handshake between the two parties, TCP will establish a full duplex (A and B can send messages to each other at the same time) communication between the two programs.
TCP full-duplex communication will occupy the communication line between the two computers until it is closed by one or both parties.
UDP and TCP are very similar, but simpler and less reliable than TCP.
IP is a connectionless
IP used for communication between computers.
IP is a connectionless communication protocol and will not occupy the communication line between two communicating computers. IP reduces the demand for network lines, each line can simultaneously meet the communication needs between many different computers.
Through IP, messages (or other data) are divided into small independent packets and transmitted between computers via the Internet.
IP is responsible for routing each packet to its destination.
TCP/IP means that TCP and IP work together.
TCP is responsible for the communication between application software (such as a browser) and network software.
IP is responsible for the communication between computers, and TCP is responsible for dividing and loading data into IP packets, and then recombining them when they arrive.
IP is responsible for sending the packet to the recipient.
TCP/IP uses 32 bits or 4 groups of numbers between 0 and 255 for computer addressing.
IP address
Every computer must have an IP address to connect to the Internet.
Each IP packet must have an address before it can be sent to another computer.
TCP/IP uses 32 bits for addressing. A computer byte is 8 bits. So TCP/IP uses 4 bytes.
A computer byte can contain 256 different values.
The 128 bits (16 bytes) of the IPV6 Ipv6 address are written as 8 16-bit unsigned integers, each integer is represented by 4 hexadecimal digits, and these numbers are separated by a colon (:)
The DNS server is responsible for translating domain names into TCP/IP addresses, and is responsible for updating each other's systems with new domain name information; when a new domain name is registered with its TCP/IP address, DNS servers all over the world will update this information.