As everyone knows, the core prototype of Linux was written by Linus Torvalds in 1991, but why can Torvalds write the Linux operating system? Why did it choose a 386 computer for development? Why Linux The development can be so fast? And why is Linux free? And why are there so many Linux distributions (distributions)? After understanding these things, you can understand why Linux can avoid patent software disputes, and understand why Linux can be At the same time, it shines on personal computers and mainframes! So, before actually entering the world of Linux, let us talk about these interesting historical stories!
The first Linux basic learning article
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table of Contents
Chapter 0 Introduction to Computers Regarding the hardware components of the computer, you can actually observe your desktop to analyze it. According to the appearance, this guy can be divided into three parts, namely:
- Input unit: including keyboard, mouse, card reader, scanner, handwriting board, touch screen, etc.;
- Mainframe part: This is the system unit, which is protected by the mainframe chassis and contains a bunch of boards, CPU and memory, etc.;
- Output unit: such as screen printer, etc.
Chapter 1. What is Linux and how to learn? We know that Linux is running on a computer, so Linux is a set of software. The question is whether this software is an operating system or an application? And what kinds of computers can Linux be used on Does it run on the hardware? And where does Linux come from? Why does Linux cost nothing? We have to talk about these first! So next time people ask you why copying software is not illegal, you will not be able to answer! ^_ ^
Chapter 2, Host Planning and Disk Partitioning The focus of this chapter is to install Linux. Then, which part of the computer component is installed in the Linux system? It is the disk! So of course we have to understand the disk first. We know that a magnetic box can be partitioned into multiple partitions. From the perspective of the old Windows, you might have a disk and partition it into C:, D:, E: No! That C, D, and E are partitions. But Linux devices all exist in the form of files. What is the file name of the partition? How to partition the disk? What are the restrictions on disk partitioning? What is the current BIOS and UEFI? What is MSDOS and GPT? What we are going to discuss in this section.
Chapter 3. Installing CentOS7.x Linux distributions is getting more mature, so the installation is getting easier and easier! Although the installation is very simple, but the basic knowledge mentioned in the previous chapter still needs to be understood, including MBR /GPT, partition, boot loader, mount, software selection and other data. In this chapter, the installation of Brother Bird is defined as "a training machine", so the installation method is handled in the simplest way. In addition, Uge chose the CentOS7.x version to install! In the text, as long as the title contains (Option), it means the bird is an additional description. You should just read it, no implementation is required. !
Chapter 4, first login and online help, you can finally start to use Linux, an interesting system! Since the Linux system uses an asynchronous disk/memory data transfer mode, it is also a multi-user and multi-task environment, so you can’t just do it casually Unusually shut down, there are certain procedures for shutting down! Wrong shutdown method may cause damage to disk data! In addition, Linux has many different operation methods, what is the difference between graphical interface and command line operation? Can we? Obtain a large number of instructions on the command line, without the need to memorize some command options and parameters. These are all introduced in this chapter!
Chapter 5 Linux file permissions and directory configuration One of the most outstanding aspects of Linux lies in its multi-user and multi-tasking environment. In order to allow each user to have more confidential file data, file permission management becomes very important. Linux generally divides the identities that can access files into three categories, namely ownerlgroup/others, and each of the three identities has read/writelexecute and other permissions. If you don’t manage it properly, your Linux host will become "unsuccessful!@_@". In addition, if you connect to Linux for the first time, then there are so many directories/files under Linux, each directory/ What does the file mean? Let's introduce them one by one!
Chapter 6 Linux File and Directory Management In the previous chapter, we learned about the concept of file permissions and directory configuration instructions under the Linux system. In this chapter, let’s go directly to further operation and management of files and directories! Including changing between different directories, creating and deleting directories, creating and deleting files, as well as searching for files, viewing file contents, etc. This chapter is a brief introduction!
Chapter 7 · Linux Disk and File System Management One of the most important tasks for system administrators is to manage their own disk file system. Each partition cannot be too large or too small. If it is too large, it will waste the disk capacity. If it is too small, The file cannot be stored. In addition, in the file permissions and attributes we talked about in the previous chapters, in which block of the file system are these permissions and attributes recorded? This has to talk about the inode and the filesystem. block. At the same time, for the sake of virtualization and large-capacity disks, CentOs 7 now uses xfs, which has a large capacity and better performance, as the default file system by default! This also has to be understood. In this chapter, our focus is on how to create a file system, including partitioning, formatting, and mounting. This is a very important chapter!
Chapter 8. File and file system compression, packaging and backup. There are quite a few compression commands that can be run under Linux! These compression commands make it easier for us to download larger files from the Internet! In addition, we know The extension name under Linux has no special meaning, but for the compressed files made by these compression commands, there are still some special naming methods for the convenience of memory! Let's take a look!
Chapter 9 The vim program editor has come all the way from the previous one. We always recommend using text mode to deal with Linux system settings, because it not only makes it easier for you to understand the running status of Linux, but also easier to understand the basic spirit of the entire setup , It can "guarantee" your modification can be executed smoothly. Therefore, using a text editor to edit your Linux parameter configuration file in a Linux system is a very important thing! Therefore, the system administrator should at least be familiar with a word processor!
Chapter 10: Understand and learn BASH in the Linux environment. If you don’t understand what bash is, then you don’t need to learn other things! Because in the previous chapters, we used the terminal to issue commands through the bash environment. Deal with it! So, it’s very important. Bash has a lot of things, including the setting and use of variables, the creation of bash operating environment, the function of data flow redirection, and the easy-to-use pipeline commands! Clear your head, prepare to work hard~_^ This chapter is almost an important basis for the maintenance and management of all command line interfaces and future hosts. Please read it carefully!
Chapter 11 Regular Expressions and File Formatting
Chapter 12: Learning Shell Scripts If you really want to take the path of information and want to manage the host that belongs to you, let alone Wu Ge not telling you, a good tool that can automatically manage the system: Shell scripts! This guy really has to study hard! Basically, shell script is a bit like an early batch file, that is, some commands are assembled and executed at once, but Shell script has more powerful functions, that That is, it can be written like a program, and it can be executed without compiling, which is really convenient. In addition, we can use shell script to simplify our daily work management. Moreover, in the entire Linux environment, some services are started through shellscript. If you don’t understand script, hey! When a problem occurs, it is really There is no way to ask for help! So, learn from him!
Chapter 13 Linux Account Management and ACL Privilege Settings Administrator’s work, a very important part is "administration account"! Because the entire system is managed by you, and all general user account applications must be It needs your help! So you have to understand how to manage a server host account! When managing a Linux host account, we must first understand how Linux distinguishes each user!
Chapter 14 Quota and Advanced File System Management If your Linux server has multiple users frequently accessing data, in order to maintain the fair use of hard disk capacity for all users, Quota is one This is a very useful tool! In addition, if your users often complain that the cartridge capacity is not enough, then more advanced file systems have to learn. In this chapter, we will introduce Disk Array (RAID) and Logical Roll File System (LVM). These tools can help you manage and maintain the disk capacity available to users!
Chapter 15 Routine Job Scheduling (crontab) After learning the basics for a while, you will discover why the system often takes the initiative to perform some tasks? Who is setting up these tasks? If you want How to deal with the backup program designed by yourself that can be automatically executed under the system without manually starting it? These routine tasks may be divided into "single" tasks and "cyclic" tasks. Which services are in charge? Also, if you want to send out a letter every year before your wife’s birthday to remind yourself not to forget, can you do it? Hey! How to deal with all these, just look at this One chapter first!
Chapter 16 Program Management and SELinux Preliminary Exploration A program is loaded into the memory to run, then the data in the memory is called the process. Program is a very important concept on operating system, all data running on the system will exist in the form of program. So what are the states of the system's programs? How will different states affect the operation of the system? Can programs control each other, etc., these are all items we must know. Also related to the program is SELinux, a link that strengthens file access security. You must also understand it!
Chapter 17 Recognizing System Services (daemons) In Unix-Like systems, you will often hear the word daemon! So what is the legendary daemon? Where are these daemons ? What are their functions? How to start these daemons? How to effectively manage these daemons? In addition, how to check how many ports these daemons have opened? And how to close these ports? Also, know what these ports in your system represent What kind of service is it? These are the most basic things to pay attention to! Especially before the website is set up, the concept here is even more important. Since the CentOS 7.x version, the traditional init has been abandoned and replaced by the guy systemd. What is the difference between this guy and the previous init? What are the advantages and disadvantages? How to manage different types of services? And how to replace the original "Execution level" and so on, very important changes!
Chapter 18: Understanding and Analyzing the Login File When your Linux system has problems with unknown causes, many people tell you that you have to check the login file to know what is wrong with the system. So, understand the login file Is it a very important thing? ○Login files can record information such as which host, which service, and what messages appear in the system. This information also includes user identification data, system troubleshooting instructions, etc. If you can make good use of these If you log in the file information, you will be able to find the error in the first time when your system has an error, and you can also find a solution from it, instead of being confused and asking people. In addition, the amount of information recorded in the log file It is very large, and it is really difficult to analyze it with the human eye. At this time, using shellscript or analysis tools provided by other software to process complex login files can help you a lot!
Chapter 19, Boot Process, Module Management, and Loader System boot is actually a very complicated process, because the core has to detect the hardware and load the appropriate driver, then the program must be called to prepare the system The operating environment allows users to smoothly operate the entire host system. If you can understand the principle of booting, it will help you to repair the system quickly when the system goes wrong! And it can also configure multiple booting problems of multiple operating systems smoothly. For the multi-boot problem, you have to learn grub2, an excellent boot loader under Linux. And while the system is running, you also have to learn to manage core modules!
Chapter 20 Basic System Settings and Backup Strategy
Chapter 21 Software Installation: Source Code and Tarball
Chapter 22 Software Installation RPM, SRPM and YUM Although software compilation using source code can have customized settings, for Linux distribution publishers, software management is not easy. After all, not everyone The source code will be compiled. If the software can be pre-compiled on the same hardware and operating system before it is released, can't the same distribution have the same software version? If you add a simple installation/removal/management mechanism, It will be much simpler for software control. Is there such a thing? Yes, that is the two useful words RPM and YUM. Since it is so easy to use, of course we can't miss the opportunity to learn! Come and see for details!
Chapter 23 · Introduction to xWindow Settings The graphical interface on Linux is called X Window System, or X or X11 for short! Why is it called a system? This is because the × window system is divided into ×server and x Client·Since it is a Server/Client (master-slave architecture), it means that the × window system can cross networks and cross platforms! × window system is only a piece of software for Linux, but this software is becoming more and more important! Is it because Linux Being able to be popular on desktop computers is related to the × window system! Fortunately, the current × window system is integrated into Linux very well and can also have 3D acceleration functions, but we still have to understand the × window system That's great, so that if something goes wrong, we can deal with it!
Chapter 24, Linux Kernel Compilation and Management What we are talking about Linux actually refers to the kernel (kernel). This core controls all the hardware of your host and provides all the functions of the system, so it is not important! When we boot, we actually use the boot management program to load this core file to detect the hardware and load the appropriate After the driver, your system can run smoothly. The current system emphasizes the online upgrade mechanism, so it is not recommended to customize the core compilation! However, if you want to install your Linux to the U basin and want to install your own Linux on your Eee PC notebook, you want to Your Linux can drive your small appliances. At this time, core compilation is a very important task! This article is more advanced. If you are not interested in system porting, you can skip this article first!
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