Pro Git Chapter 2 study notes: Git remote warehouse, history, tags, aliases, etc.

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Note: This section is a short note from the second chapter of progit .
The most important thing is to learn to view documents by yourself

1. Get the git repository

There are two ways to obtain a git repository:

Convert a local directory without version control to a git repository:
enter any directory, type in the command line git init, generate a .git folder, and start version control. But at this time, no files are tracked, and git add .all files in the current folder (excluded by the .gitignore file) will be tracked; then use git add LICENSEadd license; finally use git commit -m "initial project version"submit.
Clone an existing git repository from another server
The command to clone a git repository is git clone <url>. For example: the
git clone https://github.com/libgit2/libgit2
example command uses the http protocol to clone the git link library libgit2

The protocols supported by git include:

http://protocol

ssh://protocol

git:// protocol

2. Record each update to the warehouse

git status	View the detailed status of all files
git add your_filename	Start tracking untracked files
git add your_filename	Submit the changed tracked file to the staging area
git status -s	Brief file status: A, M, ?? marks indicate newly added to the temporary storage area, modified files, and newly tracked files (MM means temporary storage and modification after modification)
.gitignore file	Ignore the content specified in the file, github has a detailed list of .gitignore files, the link is https://github.com/github/gitignore
git diff	View the difference between the current file and the temporary file
git diff --staged	Compare the difference between the temporary file and the last file submitted
git commit	Submit the staging area (the default editor will appear for you to enter the submission information
git commit -m "your_commit_explanation"	Enter the submission information directly without opening the text editor
git commit -a -m "your_commit_explanation"	Submit all tracked files directly without adding git add to the staging area
git rm filename	Remove tracked files
git mv old_filename new_filename	Move or rename

3 View submission history-use of git log

Syntax: git log [] [] [[--] …]
Enter ```git help log``` or ```git log --help``` on the command line to get help

Common options for git log

Common options for git log
Options	Description
-p	Display the differences introduced by each submission in patch format.
--stat	Display the statistics of each submitted file modification.
--shortstat	Only display the last number of rows in --stat, modify, add, and remove statistics.
--name-only	The list of modified files is displayed only after submitting the information.
--name-status	Display the list of newly added, modified and deleted files.
--abbrev-commit	Only the first few characters of all 40 characters in the SHA-1 checksum are displayed.
--relative-date	Use a shorter relative time instead of the full format to display the date (such as "2 weeks ago").
--graph	The branch and merge history are displayed in ASCII graphics beside the log.
--pretty	Use other formats to display historical submission information. The available options include oneline, short, full, full, and format (used to define your own format).
--oneline	--pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit is a shorthand for combined use.

Such as

git log -p -2

Representation submitted in accordance with the difference patches output format introduced last two

Options to limit git log output

Options	Description
-	Only the most recent n submissions are displayed.
--since, --after	Only show submissions after the specified time.
--until, --before	Only show submissions before the specified time.
--author	Only show submissions whose authors match the specified string.
--committer	Only show submissions whose submitter matches the specified string.
--grep	Only display submissions that contain the specified string in the submission description.
-S	Only display submissions that add or delete content matching the specified string.

git log --pretty="%h-%s" --author='Junio C Hamano' --since="2008-10-01" --before="2008-11-01" --no-merges- -t/ Check which of Junio Hamano’s submissions other than merge submissions under the directory t in October 2008 modified the test file

4. Undo the operation

git commit --amend: Submit files in the staging area, which will overwrite the results of the previous submission.
git reset HEAD filename: cancel the temporary storage of the filename file
git checkout - filename: restore the filename file to the last submitted version

5. Use of remote warehouse

If you clone a repository using the clone command, the command will automatically add it as a remote repository and use "origin" as abbreviation by default

command	effect
git remote	Display all remote warehouses that have been specified
git remote -v	Display the abbreviations saved in Git and their corresponding URLs that need to be read and written in remote warehouses
git remote add <shortname> <url>	Add a new remote Git repository and specify a convenient shorthand
git fetch <remote>	访问远程仓库，从中拉取所有你还没有的数据。不会自动合并或修改你当前的工作
git push <remote> <branch>	将本地的分支推送到remote服务器如git push origin master将 master 分支推送到 origin 服务器你需要有服务器的写入权限，且之前没有人推送过时，这条命令才能生效
git remote show <remote>	列出远程仓库的 URL 与跟踪分支的信息，并说明运行`git pull`和`git push`的效果
git remote rename old_name new_name	重命名
git remote remove name	移除name仓库，remove可以用rm替换

2.6 打标签（手动指定版本）

git tag: 列出已有标签
git tag --list “str": 匹配含有”str“的标签，--list简写为-l
git tag v1.3: 给提交打上v1.3标签（轻量标签）
git tag -a v1.4 -m "my version 1.4"：给提交打上标签v1.4
git show v1.4: 匹配标签v1.4的信息（标签信息和提交信息）
git tag -a v1.2 9fceb02: 补打标签，9fceb02是部分校验和
git push origin <tagname>git push不推送标签，必须显式指定来共享标签，该过程就像推送共享远程分支
git tag -d tag_name: 删除本地tag_name标签
git push <remote> :refs/tags/<tagname>git push不推送标签，必须显式指定来删除标签
git push origin --delete : 同上

检出标签：detached HEAD状态，详见here

2.7 git别名

如果不想每次都输入完整的 Git 命令，可以通过 git config 文件来轻松地为每一个命令设置一个别名。如：
git config --global alias.co checkout
给checkout动作设置了别名co