The Content Analysis Guidebook Second Edition
Kimberly A. Neuendorf Cleveland State University
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Used to analyze content in interactive media (social media, etc.)
table of Contents
Contents
List of Boxes
List of Tables and Figures
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Defining Content Analysis
An Introduction
The Growing Popularity of Content Analysis
The Myths of Content Analysis
Myth 1: Content Analysis Is Limited to Simple Analyses
Myth 2: Anyone Can Do Content Analysis; It Doesn’t Take Any Special Preparation
Myth 3: The Term Content Analysis Applies to All Examinations of Messages
Myth 4: Content Analysis Is for Academic Use Only
A Six-Part Definition of Content Analysis
1.Content Analysis as Following the Standards of the Scientific Method
2.The Message as the Unit of Analysis, the Unit of Data Collection, or Both
3.Content Analysis as Quantitative
4.Content Analysis as Summarizing
5.Content Analysis as Applicable to All Contexts
6.All Message Characteristics Are Available to Content Analyze
Chapter 2: An Integrative Approach to Content Analysis
The Language of the Scientific Method
Human Coding Versus Computer Coding: A Brief Overview
How Content Analysis Is Done: A Flowchart for the Typical Process of Content-Analytic
Research
Approaches to Content Analysis
Descriptive Content Analysis
Inferential Content Analysis
Psychometric Content Analysis
Predictive Content Analysis
Toward an Integrative Model of Content Analysis
Using the Integrative Model of Content Analysis
Integrative Data Linking
Integrative Logical Linking
The S → M Data Link: Linking Source and Message Data
The S → M Logical Link: Linking Source and Message Findings
The M → R Data Link: Linking Message and Receiver Data
The M → R Logical Link: Linking Message and Receiver Findings
7The Growing Use of Integrative Studies
Developing New Data Linkages
Chapter 3: Message Units and Sampling
Units
Unitizing a Continuous Stream of Information
Defining the Population
Cross-Sectional Versus Longitudinal Populations
Availability-Based Versus Exposure-Based Populations
Archives
The Evaluation of Archives
Sampling
Probability Sampling
Nonprobability Sampling
Sample Size
Full Reportage
Chapter 4: Variables and Predictions
Identifying Critical Variables
A Consideration of Universal Variables
Using Theory and Past Research for Variable Collection
A Grounded or Emergent Process of Variable Identification
Attempting to Find Medium-Specific Critical Variables
Hypotheses and Research Questions
Conceptual Definitions
Hypotheses
Research Questions
Full Reportage
Chapter 5: Measurement and Validity
Defining Measurement
Validity, Reliability, Accuracy, and Precision
Validity
Reliability
Accuracy
Precision
How the Standards Interrelate
Types of Validity Assessment
Internal Validity and External Validity
Face Validity
Criterion Validity
Content Validity
Construct Validity
8Validation Procedures in Content Analysis
Validation in Human-Coded Analyses
Validation in CATA Analyses
Ethics in Content Analysis
Operationalization
Categories or Levels That Are Exhaustive
Categories or Levels That Are Mutually Exclusive
An Appropriate Level of Measurement
Expanding Terminology and Merging Traditions: Big Data, Text Mining, Natural Language
Processing, Computational Linguistics, Sentiment Analysis/Opinion Mining, and CATA
CATA (Computer-Aided Text Analysis)
Dictionaries for Text Analysis
CATA Versus Human Coding
Selection of a Computer Text Content Analysis Program
Human Coding
Codebooks and Coding Forms
Coder Selection
Coder Training
The Processes
Medium Modality and Coding
Index Construction in Content Analysis
Full Reportage
Chapter 6: Reliability
Intercoder Reliability: An Introduction to Standards and Practices
Issues in the Assessment of Reliability
Agreement Versus Covariation
Reliability as a Function of Subsamples and Coders
Threats to Reliability
Reliability for Manifest Versus Latent Content
Pilot and Final Reliabilities
Intercoder Reliability Coefficients: Issues and Comparisons
Agreement
Agreement Controlling for the Impact of Chance Agreement
Covariation
Calculating Intercoder Reliability Coefficients
The Reliability Subsample
Subsample Size
Sampling Type
Assignment of Cases to Coders
Treatment of Variables That Do Not Achieve an Acceptable Level of Reliability
9The Use of Multiple Coders
Intracoder Reliability—Assessing Stability Over Time
Unitizing Reliability
Calculating Reliability Coefficients: Programs and Calculators
Special Issues in Reliability Coefficient Decision-Making
Alternative Coefficients
Standard Errors and Confidence Intervals
Controlling for Covariates
Sequential Overlapping Reliability Coding
Bringing Order to Reliability: Building Models That Specify Sources of Variation
Full Reportage
Chapter 7: Content Analysis in the Interactive Media Age
Considering Interactive Media
Content Creation in the Interactive Media Age
The Special Nature of Content in the Interactive Media Age
Practical Suggestions
Acquiring Content in the Interactive Media Age
Acquiring Video Game Content
Acquiring Web 2.0 Content
Acquiring Online News
Content Acquisition by Interactive Media
Archiving Content in the Interactive Media Age
Archiving Video Games
Archiving Web 2.0 (and Other Web) Sites
Traditional Media Archiving With Interactive Technology
Coding Content in the Interactive Media Age
Unitizing Interactive Content
Codebooks and Coding Forms
Coding Interactive Content
The Use of Technologies for Medium and Message Management, Message Preparation
Automated Technologies and Measurement on the Moving Image
Almost Content Analysis
Conclusion
Chapter 8: Results and Reporting
Data Handling and Transformations
Hypothesis Testing
Hypotheses and Research Questions—A Reminder
Descriptive, Inferential, Parametric, and Nonparametric Statistics
Selecting the Appropriate Statistical Tests
Frequencies
10Co-Occurrences and In-Context Occurrences
Timelines
Bivariate Relationships
Multivariate Relationships
Chapter 9: Contexts
Psychometric Applications of Content Analysis
Thematic Content Analysis
Clinical Applications
Open-Ended and Pictorial Responses
Linguistics and Semantic Networks
Stylometrics and Computer Literary Analysis
Interaction Analysis
Other Interpersonal Behaviors
Computer-Mediated Communication
Organizational Communication
Health Communication
Advertising
News
Political Communication
Violence in the Media
Gender Roles in the Media
Sex and Sexuality in the Media
Minority Portrayals
Movies
Music
Sentiment Analysis
Academic Literatures
Commercial, Governmental, and Other Client-Based Applications of Content Analysis
Legal Applications of Content Analysis
Future Directions
Resource 1: CATA—Computer-Aided Text Analysis Options
Part I. Computer-Aided Text Analysis (CATA) Programs
CATPAC II
Concordance 3.3
Diction 7
General Inquirer
Hamlet II 3.0
LIWC2015
MCCALite
PCAD
11Profiler Plus
SALT 2012
SentiStrength 2.2
TextAnalyst
Text Analytics for Surveys 4.0 (IBM SPSS)
TEXTPACK
TextQuest 4.2
T-LAB Pro 9.1.3
WordSmith 6.0
WordStat 7.0
Yoshikoder
Part II. Yoshikoder Example
Resource 2: The Content Analysis Guidebook Online (CAGO)
Content Analysis Resources
Message Archives and Corpora
Reliability
Human Coding Sample Materials
Introduction to Computer Content Analysis (CATA)
References
Author Index
Subject Index
About the Authors
