Python Lesson 82-Metaclasses

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One: introduction

Everything comes from a sentence: everything is an object

Two: What is a metaclass?

The metaclass is the class used to instantiate the generated class

Relationship: Metaclass --- instantiation ----> Class (People) --- instance ----> Object

class People:
    def __init__(self,name,age):
        self.name=name
        self.age=age

    def say(self):
        print('%s:%s' %(self.name,self.name))


print(People.__dict__)

# 如何得到对象
# obj=调用类()
obj=People('egon',18)
print(type(obj))

# 如果说类也是对象
# People=调用类(。。。)

# 查看内置的元类：
# 1、type是内置的元类
# 2、我们用class关键字定义的所有的类以及内置的类都是由元类type实例化产生
print(type(People))
print(type(int))

Three: class keywords to create a class of People steps

The class has three major characteristics:

1. Class name

class_name="People"

2. The base class

class_bases=(object,)

3. Execute the class body code to get the class namespace

class_dic={}
class_body="""
def __init__(self,name,age):
    self.name=name
    self.age=age

def say(self):
    print('%s:%s' %(self.name,self.name))
"""
exec(class_body,{},class_dic)
# print(class_dic)

4: Call metaclass

People=type(class_name,class_bases,class_dic)

Four: How to customize the metaclass to control the generation of the class

class Mymeta(type): # 只有继承了type类的类才是元类
    #            空对象,"People",(),{...}
    def __init__(self,x,y,z):
        print('run22222222222....')
        print(self)
        # print(x)
        # print(y)
        # print(z)
        # print(y)
        # if not x.istitle():
        #     raise NameError('类名的首字母必须大写啊！！！')

    #          当前所在的类，调用类时所传入的参数
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        # 造Mymeta的对象
        print('run1111111111.....')
        # print(cls,args,kwargs)
        # return super().__new__(cls,*args, **kwargs)
        return type.__new__(cls,*args, **kwargs)

# People=Mymeta("People",(object,),{...})
# 调用Mymeta发生三件事，调用Mymeta就是type.__call__
# 1、先造一个空对象=>People,调用Mymeta类内的__new__方法
# 2、调用Mymeta这个类内的__init__方法，完成初始化对象的操作
# 3、返回初始化好的对象

class People(metaclass=Mymeta):
    def __init__(self,name,age):
        self.name=name
        self.age=age

    def say(self):
        print('%s:%s' %(self.name,self.name))

Emphasize:

# # 只要是调用类，那么会一次调用
# # 1、类内的__new__
# # 2、类内的__init__

Five: call

class Foo:
    def __init__(self,x,y):
        self.x=x
        self.y=y

    #            obj,1,2,3,a=4,b=5,c=6
    def __call__(self,*args,**kwargs):
        print('===>',args,kwargs)
        return 123

obj=Foo(111,222)
# print(obj) # obj.__str__
res=obj(1,2,3,a=4,b=5,c=6) # res=obj.__call__()
print(res)

# 应用：如果想让一个对象可以加括号调用，需要在该对象的类中添加一个方法__call__
# 总结：
# 对象()->类内的__call__
# 类()->自定义元类内的__call__
# 自定义元类()->内置元类__call__

Six: custom metaclass control class call ==> generation of class objects

class Mymeta(type): # 只有继承了type类的类才是元类
    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        # 1、Mymeta.__call__函数内会先调用People内的__new__
        people_obj=self.__new__(self)
        # 2、Mymeta.__call__函数内会调用People内的__init__
        self.__init__(people_obj,*args, **kwargs)

        # print('people对象的属性：',people_obj.__dict__)
        people_obj.__dict__['xxxxx']=11111
        # 3、Mymeta.__call__函数内会返回一个初始化好的对象
        return people_obj

Class generation

# People=Mymeta()=》type.__call__=>干了3件事
# 1、type.__call__函数内会先调用Mymeta内的__new__
# 2、type.__call__函数内会调用Mymeta内的__init__
# 3、type.__call__函数内会返回一个初始化好的对象

class People(metaclass=Mymeta):
    def __init__(self,name,age):
        self.name=name
        self.age=age

    def say(self):
        print('%s:%s' %(self.name,self.name))

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        # 产生真正的对象
        return object.__new__(cls)

Class call

# obj=People('egon',18) =》Mymeta.__call__=》干了3件事
# 1、Mymeta.__call__函数内会先调用People内的__new__
# 2、Mymeta.__call__函数内会调用People内的__init__
# 3、Mymeta.__call__函数内会返回一个初始化好的对象

obj1=People('egon',18)
obj2=People('egon',18)
# print(obj)
print(obj1.__dict__)
print(obj2.__dict__)