当启动数据库时，发生以下错误：(RAC两节点一致）
ORA-01078: failure in processing system parameters
ORA-01565: error in identifying file '+DATA/orcl/spfileorcl.ora'
ORA-17503: ksfdopn:2 Failed to open file +DATA/orcl/spfileorcl.ora
ORA-12547: TNS:lost contact
数据库alert日志：
ERROR: Failed to connect with connect string: (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=beq)(PROGRAM=/opt/11.2.0/grid/bin/oracle)(ARGV0=oracle+ASM_pmon_orcl)(ENVS='ORACLE_HOME=/opt/11.2.0/grid,ORACLE_SID=+ASM')(ARGS='(DESCRIPTION=(LOCAL=YES)(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=beq)))'))(enable=setuser))
WARNING: ASM communication error: op 0 state 0x0 (15055)
ERROR: direct connection failure with ASM
NOTE: Deferred communication with ASM instance
Errors in file /opt/oracle/diag/rdbms/orcl/orcl/trace/orcl_pmon_26924.trc:
ORA-15055: unable to connect to ASM instance
ORA-12547: TNS:lost contact
问题原因:
$GRID_HOME/bin/oracle和$ORACLE_HOME/bin/oracle的权限不正确，导致ASM实例连接失败:
ls -al $GRID_HOME/bin/oracle
-rwxr-x--x 1 grid oinstall 200678464 Mar 4 14:54 oracle
ls -al $ORACLE_HOME/bin/oracle
-rwxr-x--x 1 oracle asmadmin 228886191 Mar 4 15:41 oracle
解决方案：
Oracle二进制文件要有6751权限，要修改文件权限，登录oracle文件的所属用户依次修改其权限。（两节点均需修改）
cd $GRID_HOME/bin
chmod 6751 oracle
cd $ORACLE_HOME/bin
chmod 6751 oracle
修改之后查看文件权限：
ls -l $GRID_HOME/bin/oracle
-rwsr-s--x 1 grid oinstall 203974257 Mar 4 16:30 oracle
ls -l $ORACLE_HOME/bin/oracle
-rwsr-s--x 1 oracle asmadmin 232399431 Mar 4 16:47 oracle
两节点启动数据库成功：
[oracle@rac1 ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Tue Mar 12 09:39:27 2019
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 839282688 bytes
Fixed Size 2217992 bytes
Variable Size 645924856 bytes
Database Buffers 188743680 bytes
Redo Buffers 2396160 bytes
数据库装载完毕
数据库已经打开