Note
A newer version of this tutorial series is available that uses Razor Pages. Razor Pages is a page-based programming model that makes building web UI easier and more productive. We recommend the Razor Pages tutorial over the MVC version. The Razor Pages tutorial:
- Is easier to follow.
- Provides more EF Core best practices.
- Uses more efficient queries.
- Is more current with the latest API.
- Covers more features.
- Is the preferred approach for new application development.
This article demonstrates how to create ASP.NET MVC 5 applications using Entity Framework 6 and Visual Studio. This tutorial uses the Code First workflow. For information about how to choose between Code First, Database First, and Model First, see Create a model.
The sample application is a web site for a fictional university named Contoso University. It includes functionality such as student admission, course creation, and instructor assignments. This tutorial series explains how to build the Contoso University sample application. You can download the completed application.
A Visual Basic version translated by Mike Brind is available: MVC 5 with EF 6 in Visual Basic on the Mikesdotnetting site.
Software versions used in the tutorial
Tutorial versions
For previous versions of this tutorial, see the EF 4.1 / MVC 3 e-book and Getting Started with EF 5 using MVC 4.
Questions and comments
Please leave feedback on how you liked this tutorial and what we could improve using the comments at the bottom of the page. If you have questions that are not directly related to the tutorial, you can post them to the ASP.NET Entity Framework forum or StackOverflow.com.
If you run into a problem that you can't resolve, you can generally find the solution to the problem by comparing your code to the completed project that you can download. For some common errors and how to solve them, see Common errors, and solutions or workarounds.
The Contoso University web app
The application you'll build in these tutorials is a simple university web site. Users can view and update student, course, and instructor information. Here are a few of the screens you'll create:
So that the tutorial can focus mainly on how to use Entity Framework, the user interface of the web site won't be changed much from what's generated by the built-in templates.
Prerequisites
See Software Versions at the top of the page. Entity Framework 6 is not a prerequisite because you install the EF NuGet package as part of the tutorial.
Create an MVC web app
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Open Visual Studio and create a new C# web project using the ASP.NET Web Application (.NET Framework) template. Name the project "ContosoUniversity".
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In the New ASP.NET Project dialog box, select the MVC template.
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If Authentication is not set to No Authentication, change it by clicking Change Authentication.
In the Change Authentication dialog box, select No Authentication, and then choose OK. For this tutorial, the web app doesn't require users to sign in, nor does it restrict access based on who's signed in.
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Back in the New ASP.NET Project dialog box, click OK to create the project.
Set up the site style
A few simple changes will set up the site menu, layout, and home page.
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Open Views\Shared\_Layout.cshtml, and make the following changes:
- Change each occurrence of "My ASP.NET Application" and "Application name" to "Contoso University".
- Add menu entries for Students, Courses, Instructors, and Departments, and delete the Contact entry.
The changes are highlighted in the following code snippet:
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<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>@ViewBag.Title - Contoso University</title> @Styles.Render("~/Content/css") @Scripts.Render("~/bundles/modernizr") </head> <body> <div class="navbar navbar-inverse navbar-fixed-top"> <div class="navbar-inner"> <div class="container"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-navbar" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".nav-collapse"> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button> @Html.ActionLink("Contoso University", "Index", "Home", new { area = "" }, new { @class = "navbar-brand" }) <div class="nav-collapse collapse"> <ul class="nav"> <li>@Html.ActionLink("Home", "Index", "Home")</li> <li>@Html.ActionLink("About", "About", "Home")</li> <li>@Html.ActionLink("Students", "Index", "Student")</li> <li>@Html.ActionLink("Courses", "Index", "Course")</li> <li>@Html.ActionLink("Instructors", "Index", "Instructor")</li> <li>@Html.ActionLink("Departments", "Index", "Department")</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container"> @RenderBody() <hr /> <footer> <p>© @DateTime.Now.Year - Contoso University</p> </footer> </div> @Scripts.Render("~/bundles/jquery") @Scripts.Render("~/bundles/bootstrap") @RenderSection("scripts", required: false) </body> </html> -
In Views\Home\Index.cshtml, replace the contents of the file with the following code to replace the text about ASP.NET and MVC with text about this application:
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@{ ViewBag.Title = "Home Page"; } <div class="jumbotron"> <h1>Contoso University</h1> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-4"> <h2>Welcome to Contoso University</h2> <p>Contoso University is a sample application that demonstrates how to use Entity Framework 6 in an ASP.NET MVC 5 web application.</p> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <h2>Build it from scratch</h2> <p>You can build the application by following the steps in the tutorial series on the ASP.NET site.</p> <p><a class="btn btn-default" href="http://www.asp.net/mvc/tutorials/getting-started-with-ef-using-mvc/">See the tutorial »</a></p> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <h2>Download it</h2> <p>You can download the completed project from the Microsoft Code Gallery.</p> <p><a class="btn btn-default" href="http://code.msdn.microsoft.com/ASPNET-MVC-Application-b01a9fe8">Download »</a></p> </div> </div> -
Press Ctrl+F5 to run the web site. You see the home page with the main menu.
Install Entity Framework 6
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From the Tools menu, choose NuGet Package Manager, and then choose Package Manager Console.
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In the Package Manager Console window, enter the following command:
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Install-Package EntityFramework
The image shows 6.0.0 being installed, but NuGet will install the latest version of Entity Framework (excluding pre-release versions), which as of the most recent update to the tutorial is 6.2.0.
This step is one of a few steps that this tutorial has you do manually, but that could have been done automatically by the ASP.NET MVC scaffolding feature. You're doing them manually so that you can see the steps required to use Entity Framework (EF). You'll use scaffolding later to create the MVC controller and views. An alternative is to let scaffolding automatically install the EF NuGet package, create the database context class, and create the connection string. When you're ready to do it that way, all you have to do is skip those steps and scaffold your MVC controller after you create your entity classes.
Create the data model
Next you'll create entity classes for the Contoso University application. You'll start with the following three entities:
There's a one-to-many relationship between Student and Enrollment entities, and there's a one-to-many relationship between Course and Enrollment entities. In other words, a student can be enrolled in any number of courses, and a course can have any number of students enrolled in it.
In the following sections, you'll create a class for each one of these entities.
Note
If you try to compile the project before you finish creating all of these entity classes, you'll get compiler errors.
The Student entity
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In the Models folder, create a class file named Student.cs by right-clicking on the folder in Solution Explorerand choosing Add > Class. Replace the template code with the following code:
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using System; using System.Collections.Generic; namespace ContosoUniversity.Models { public class Student { public int ID { get; set; } public string LastName { get; set; } public string FirstMidName { get; set; } public DateTime EnrollmentDate { get; set; } public virtual ICollection<Enrollment> Enrollments { get; set; } } }
The ID property will become the primary key column of the database table that corresponds to this class. By default, Entity Framework interprets a property that's named ID or classname ID as the primary key.
The Enrollments property is a navigation property. Navigation properties hold other entities that are related to this entity. In this case, the Enrollments property of a Student entity will hold all of the Enrollment entities that are related to that Student entity. In other words, if a given Student row in the database has two related Enrollment rows (rows that contain that student's primary key value in their StudentID foreign key column), that Student entity's Enrollments navigation property will contain those two Enrollment entities.
Navigation properties are typically defined as virtual so that they can take advantage of certain Entity Framework functionality such as lazy loading. (Lazy loading will be explained later, in the Reading Related Datatutorial later in this series.)
If a navigation property can hold multiple entities (as in many-to-many or one-to-many relationships), its type must be a list in which entries can be added, deleted, and updated, such as ICollection.
The Enrollment entity
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In the Models folder, create Enrollment.cs and replace the existing code with the following code:
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namespace ContosoUniversity.Models { public enum Grade { A, B, C, D, F } public class Enrollment { public int EnrollmentID { get; set; } public int CourseID { get; set; } public int StudentID { get; set; } public Grade? Grade { get; set; } public virtual Course Course { get; set; } public virtual Student Student { get; set; } } }
The EnrollmentID property will be the primary key; this entity uses the classname ID pattern instead of ID by itself as you saw in the Student entity. Ordinarily you would choose one pattern and use it throughout your data model. Here, the variation illustrates that you can use either pattern. In a later tutorial, you'll see how using IDwithout classname makes it easier to implement inheritance in the data model.
The Grade property is an enum. The question mark after the Grade type declaration indicates that the Gradeproperty is nullable. A grade that's null is different from a zero grade — null means a grade isn't known or hasn't been assigned yet.
The StudentID property is a foreign key, and the corresponding navigation property is Student. An Enrollment entity is associated with one Student entity, so the property can only hold a single Student entity (unlike the Student.Enrollments navigation property you saw earlier, which can hold multiple Enrollmententities).
The CourseID property is a foreign key, and the corresponding navigation property is Course. An Enrollmententity is associated with one Course entity.
Entity Framework interprets a property as a foreign key property if it's named <navigation property name><primary key property name> (for example, StudentID for the Student navigation property since the Studententity's primary key is ID). Foreign key properties can also be named the same simply <primary key property name> (for example, CourseID since the Course entity's primary key is CourseID).
The Course entity
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In the Models folder, create Course.cs, replacing the template code with the following code:
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using System.Collections.Generic; using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema; namespace ContosoUniversity.Models { public class Course { [DatabaseGenerated(DatabaseGeneratedOption.None)] public int CourseID { get; set; } public string Title { get; set; } public int Credits { get; set; } public virtual ICollection<Enrollment> Enrollments { get; set; } } }
The Enrollments property is a navigation property. A Course entity can be related to any number of Enrollment entities.
We'll say more about the DatabaseGeneratedAttribute attribute in a later tutorial in this series. Basically, this attribute lets you enter the primary key for the course rather than having the database generate it.
Create the database context
The main class that coordinates Entity Framework functionality for a given data model is the database contextclass. You create this class by deriving from the System.Data.Entity.DbContext class. In your code, you specify which entities are included in the data model. You can also customize certain Entity Framework behavior. In this project, the class is named SchoolContext.
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To create a folder in the ContosoUniversity project, right-click the project in Solution Explorer and click Add, and then click New Folder. Name the new folder DAL (for Data Access Layer). In that folder, create a new class file named SchoolContext.cs, and replace the template code with the following code:
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using ContosoUniversity.Models; using System.Data.Entity; using System.Data.Entity.ModelConfiguration.Conventions; namespace ContosoUniversity.DAL { public class SchoolContext : DbContext { public SchoolContext() : base("SchoolContext") { } public DbSet<Student> Students { get; set; } public DbSet<Enrollment> Enrollments { get; set; } public DbSet<Course> Courses { get; set; } protected override void OnModelCreating(DbModelBuilder modelBuilder) { modelBuilder.Conventions.Remove<PluralizingTableNameConvention>(); } } }
Specify entity sets
This code creates a DbSet property for each entity set. In Entity Framework terminology, an entity set typically corresponds to a database table, and an entity corresponds to a row in the table.
Note
You can omit the DbSet<Enrollment> and DbSet<Course> statements and it would work the same. Entity Framework would include them implicitly because the Student entity references the Enrollment entity and the Enrollment entity references the Course entity.
Specify the connection string
The name of the connection string (which you'll add to the Web.config file later) is passed in to the constructor.
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public SchoolContext() : base("SchoolContext")
{
}
You could also pass in the connection string itself instead of the name of one that is stored in the Web.config file. For more information about options for specifying the database to use, see Connection strings and models.
If you don't specify a connection string or the name of one explicitly, Entity Framework assumes that the connection string name is the same as the class name. The default connection string name in this example would then be SchoolContext, the same as what you're specifying explicitly.
Specify singular table names
The modelBuilder.Conventions.Remove statement in the OnModelCreating method prevents table names from being pluralized. If you didn't do this, the generated tables in the database would be named Students, Courses, and Enrollments. Instead, the table names will be Student, Course, and Enrollment. Developers disagree about whether table names should be pluralized or not. This tutorial uses the singular form, but the important point is that you can select whichever form you prefer by including or omitting this line of code.
Set up EF to initialize the database with test data
Entity Framework can automatically create (or drop and re-create) a database for you when the application runs. You can specify that this should be done every time your application runs or only when the model is out of sync with the existing database. You can also write a Seed method that Entity Framework automatically calls after creating the database in order to populate it with test data.
The default behavior is to create a database only if it doesn't exist (and throw an exception if the model has changed and the database already exists). In this section, you'll specify that the database should be dropped and re-created whenever the model changes. Dropping the database causes the loss of all your data. This is generally okay during development, because the Seed method will run when the database is re-created and will re-create your test data. But in production you generally don't want to lose all your data every time you need to change the database schema. Later you'll see how to handle model changes by using Code First Migrations to change the database schema instead of dropping and re-creating the database.
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In the DAL folder, create a new class file named SchoolInitializer.cs and replace the template code with the following code, which causes a database to be created when needed and loads test data into the new database.
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using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Web; using System.Data.Entity; using ContosoUniversity.Models; namespace ContosoUniversity.DAL { public class SchoolInitializer : System.Data.Entity. DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<SchoolContext> { protected override void Seed(SchoolContext context) { var students = new List<Student> { new Student{FirstMidName="Carson",LastName="Alexander",EnrollmentDate=DateTime.Parse("2005-09-01")}, new Student{FirstMidName="Meredith",LastName="Alonso",EnrollmentDate=DateTime.Parse("2002-09-01")}, new Student{FirstMidName="Arturo",LastName="Anand",EnrollmentDate=DateTime.Parse("2003-09-01")}, new Student{FirstMidName="Gytis",LastName="Barzdukas",EnrollmentDate=DateTime.Parse("2002-09-01")}, new Student{FirstMidName="Yan",LastName="Li",EnrollmentDate=DateTime.Parse("2002-09-01")}, new Student{FirstMidName="Peggy",LastName="Justice",EnrollmentDate=DateTime.Parse("2001-09-01")}, new Student{FirstMidName="Laura",LastName="Norman",EnrollmentDate=DateTime.Parse("2003-09-01")}, new Student{FirstMidName="Nino",LastName="Olivetto",EnrollmentDate=DateTime.Parse("2005-09-01")} }; students.ForEach(s => context.Students.Add(s)); context.SaveChanges(); var courses = new List<Course> { new Course{CourseID=1050,Title="Chemistry",Credits=3,}, new Course{CourseID=4022,Title="Microeconomics",Credits=3,}, new Course{CourseID=4041,Title="Macroeconomics",Credits=3,}, new Course{CourseID=1045,Title="Calculus",Credits=4,}, new Course{CourseID=3141,Title="Trigonometry",Credits=4,}, new Course{CourseID=2021,Title="Composition",Credits=3,}, new Course{CourseID=2042,Title="Literature",Credits=4,} }; courses.ForEach(s => context.Courses.Add(s)); context.SaveChanges(); var enrollments = new List<Enrollment> { new Enrollment{StudentID=1,CourseID=1050,Grade=Grade.A}, new Enrollment{StudentID=1,CourseID=4022,Grade=Grade.C}, new Enrollment{StudentID=1,CourseID=4041,Grade=Grade.B}, new Enrollment{StudentID=2,CourseID=1045,Grade=Grade.B}, new Enrollment{StudentID=2,CourseID=3141,Grade=Grade.F}, new Enrollment{StudentID=2,CourseID=2021,Grade=Grade.F}, new Enrollment{StudentID=3,CourseID=1050}, new Enrollment{StudentID=4,CourseID=1050,}, new Enrollment{StudentID=4,CourseID=4022,Grade=Grade.F}, new Enrollment{StudentID=5,CourseID=4041,Grade=Grade.C}, new Enrollment{StudentID=6,CourseID=1045}, new Enrollment{StudentID=7,CourseID=3141,Grade=Grade.A}, }; enrollments.ForEach(s => context.Enrollments.Add(s)); context.SaveChanges(); } } }The
Seedmethod takes the database context object as an input parameter, and the code in the method uses that object to add new entities to the database. For each entity type, the code creates a collection of new entities, adds them to the appropriateDbSetproperty, and then saves the changes to the database. It isn't necessary to call theSaveChangesmethod after each group of entities, as is done here, but doing that helps you locate the source of a problem if an exception occurs while the code is writing to the database. -
To tell Entity Framework to use your initializer class, add an element to the
entityFrameworkelement in the application Web.config file (the one in the root project folder), as shown in the following example:XMLCopy
<entityFramework> <contexts> <context type="ContosoUniversity.DAL.SchoolContext, ContosoUniversity"> <databaseInitializer type="ContosoUniversity.DAL.SchoolInitializer, ContosoUniversity" /> </context> </contexts> <defaultConnectionFactory type="System.Data.Entity.Infrastructure.LocalDbConnectionFactory, EntityFramework"> <parameters> <parameter value="v11.0" /> </parameters> </defaultConnectionFactory> <providers> <provider invariantName="System.Data.SqlClient" type="System.Data.Entity.SqlServer.SqlProviderServices, EntityFramework.SqlServer" /> </providers> </entityFramework>The
context typespecifies the fully qualified context class name and the assembly it's in, and thedatabaseinitializer typespecifies the fully qualified name of the initializer class and the assembly it's in. (When you don't want EF to use the initializer, you can set an attribute on thecontextelement:disableDatabaseInitialization="true".) For more information, see Configuration File Settings.An alternative to setting the initializer in the Web.config file is to do it in code by adding a
Database.SetInitializerstatement to theApplication_Startmethod in the Global.asax.cs file. For more information, see Understanding Database Initializers in Entity Framework Code First.
The application is now set up so that when you access the database for the first time in a given run of the application, Entity Framework compares the database to the model (your SchoolContext and entity classes). If there's a difference, the application drops and re-creates the database.
Note
When you deploy an application to a production web server, you must remove or disable code that drops and re-creates the database. You'll do that in a later tutorial in this series.
Set up EF to use a SQL Server Express LocalDB database
LocalDB is a lightweight version of the SQL Server Express database engine. It's easy to install and configure, starts on demand, and runs in user mode. LocalDB runs in a special execution mode of SQL Server Express that enables you to work with databases as .mdf files. You can put LocalDB database files in the App_Data folder of a web project if you want to be able to copy the database with the project. The user instance feature in SQL Server Express also enables you to work with .mdf files, but the user instance feature is deprecated; therefore, LocalDB is recommended for working with .mdf files. LocalDB is installed by default with Visual Studio.
Typically, SQL Server Express is not used for production web applications. LocalDB in particular is not recommended for production use with a web application because it's not designed to work with IIS.
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In this tutorial, you'll work with LocalDB. Open the application Web.config file and add a
connectionStringselement preceding theappSettingselement, as shown in the following example. (Make sure you update the Web.config file in the root project folder. There's also a Web.config file in the Views subfolder that you don't need to update.)XMLCopy
<connectionStrings> <add name="SchoolContext" connectionString="Data Source=(LocalDb)\MSSQLLocalDB;Initial Catalog=ContosoUniversity1;Integrated Security=SSPI;" providerName="System.Data.SqlClient"/> </connectionStrings> <appSettings> <add key="webpages:Version" value="3.0.0.0" /> <add key="webpages:Enabled" value="false" /> <add key="ClientValidationEnabled" value="true" /> <add key="UnobtrusiveJavaScriptEnabled" value="true" /> </appSettings>
The connection string you've added specifies that Entity Framework will use a LocalDB database named ContosoUniversity1.mdf. (The database doesn't exist yet but EF will create it.) If you want to create the database in your App_Data folder, you could add AttachDBFilename=|DataDirectory|\ContosoUniversity1.mdf to the connection string. For more information about connection strings, see SQL Server Connection Strings for ASP.NET Web Applications.
You don't actually need a connection string in the Web.config file. If you don't supply a connection string, Entity Framework uses a default connection string based on your context class. For more information, see Code First to a New Database.
Create a Student controller and views
Now you'll create a web page to display data. The process of requesting the data automatically triggers the creation of the database. You'll begin by creating a new controller. But before you do that, build the project to make the model and context classes available to MVC controller scaffolding.
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Right-click the Controllers folder in Solution Explorer, select Add, and then click New Scaffolded Item.
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In the Add Scaffold dialog box, select MVC 5 Controller with views, using Entity Framework, and then choose Add.
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In the Add Controller dialog box, make the following selections, and then choose Add:
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Model class: Student (ContosoUniversity.Models). (If you don't see this option in the drop-down list, build the project and try again.)
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Data context class: SchoolContext (ContosoUniversity.DAL).
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Controller name: StudentController (not StudentsController).
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Leave the default values for the other fields.
When you click Add, the scaffolder creates a StudentController.cs file and a set of views (.cshtml files) that work with the controller. In the future when you create projects that use Entity Framework, you can also take advantage of some additional functionality of the scaffolder: create your first model class, don't create a connection string, and then in the Add Controller box specify New data contextby selecting the + button next to Data context class. The scaffolder will create your
DbContextclass and your connection string as well as the controller and views.
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Visual Studio opens the Controllers\StudentController.cs file. You see that a class variable has been created that instantiates a database context object:
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private SchoolContext db = new SchoolContext();The
Indexaction method gets a list of students from the Students entity set by reading theStudentsproperty of the database context instance:C#Copy
public ViewResult Index() { return View(db.Students.ToList()); }The Student\Index.cshtml view displays this list in a table:
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<table> <tr> <th> @Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.LastName) </th> <th> @Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.FirstMidName) </th> <th> @Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.EnrollmentDate) </th> <th></th> </tr> @foreach (var item in Model) { <tr> <td> @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.LastName) </td> <td> @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.FirstMidName) </td> <td> @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.EnrollmentDate) </td> <td> @Html.ActionLink("Edit", "Edit", new { id=item.ID }) | @Html.ActionLink("Details", "Details", new { id=item.ID }) | @Html.ActionLink("Delete", "Delete", new { id=item.ID }) </td> </tr> } -
Press Ctrl+F5 to run the project. (If you get a "Cannot create Shadow Copy" error, close the browser and try again.)
Click the Students tab to see the test data that the
Seedmethod inserted. Depending on how narrow your browser window is, you'll see the Student tab link in the top address bar or you'll have to click the upper right corner to see the link.
View the database
When you ran the Students page and the application tried to access the database, EF discovered that there was no database and created one. EF then ran the seed method to populate the database with data.
You can use either Server Explorer or SQL Server Object Explorer (SSOX) to view the database in Visual Studio. For this tutorial, you'll use Server Explorer.
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Close the browser.
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In Server Explorer, expand Data Connections (you may need to select the refresh button first), expand School Context (ContosoUniversity), and then expand Tables to see the tables in your new database.
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Right-click the Student table and click Show Table Data to see the columns that were created and the rows that were inserted into the table.
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Close the Server Explorer connection.
The ContosoUniversity1.mdf and .ldf database files are in the %USERPROFILE% folder.
Because you're using the DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges initializer, you could now make a change to the Student class, run the application again, and the database would automatically be re-created to match your change. For example, if you add an EmailAddress property to the Student class, run the Students page again, and then look at the table again, you'll see a new EmailAddress column.
Conventions
The amount of code you had to write in order for Entity Framework to be able to create a complete database for you is minimal because of conventions, or assumptions that Entity Framework makes. Some of them have already been noted or were used without your being aware of them:
- The pluralized forms of entity class names are used as table names.
- Entity property names are used for column names.
- Entity properties that are named
IDor classnameIDare recognized as primary key properties. - A property is interpreted as a foreign key property if it's named <navigation property name><primary key property name> (for example,
StudentIDfor theStudentnavigation property since theStudententity's primary key isID). Foreign key properties can also be named the same simply <primary key property name> (for example,EnrollmentIDsince theEnrollmententity's primary key isEnrollmentID).
You've seen that conventions can be overridden. For example, you specified that table names shouldn't be pluralized, and you'll see later how to explicitly mark a property as a foreign key property. You'll learn more about conventions and how to override them in the Creating a More Complex Data Model tutorial later in this series. For more information about conventions, see Code First Conventions.
Summary
You've created a simple application that uses Entity Framework and SQL Server Express LocalDB to store and display data. In the next tutorial you'll learn how to perform basic create, read, update, and delete (CRUD) operations.
Please leave feedback on how you liked this tutorial and what we could improve.
Links to other Entity Framework resources can be found in ASP.NET Data Access - Recommended Resources.