最近需要完成某英语考试，再次重拾起久违英语，记录学习！
ll.词汇与语法结构
一、词汇
词汇主要是单个的词（包括名词，动词，形容词，副词，介词）、短语、固定搭配等形式出现。
二、语法
语法包含的内容很多，比较复杂，常有的语法大体上有时态、语态、语气、非谓语动词、倒装句、复合句等。
1、时态
略（无非就是现在时，进行时，过去式,完成时......）
2、语态
语态分为2种，主动与被动(暂记录被动)，被动语态表现形式“be+过去分词”，其中be有时态，人称和数的变化，也可以构成否定或疑问句；过去分词作定语在一定的句式中或名词前也表示被动的含义。
eg：1.With its expensive furniture and carefully chosen color scheme,the room looked quite luxurious(豪华)。
2.The sandwiches made by your mother were very deliciouces.
3.---Have you movied into the new house?
---Not yet,The rooms are being painted.
3、虚拟语气
语气有三种，陈述，祈使，虚拟。暂记录虚拟语气，虚拟语气实际是一种动词形式。虚拟语气的用法大致两种。在简单居中或从句中。根据命令、建议等含义的谓语动词或名词判断其从句中的谓语动词是否该用虚拟语气等。记住与现在、过去、将来相反的三种情况。特别是与过去相反的情况最为常见。再有就是wish、as if、后面所接的三种情况。还有一个重点就是suggest、demand、require、order等表示建议，要求，命令的词后面加从句时，从句里谓语要用（should）+动词原型，如果是被动（should）+be+动词过去分词。
eg：1.Had we known about it earlier,we could have warned people of danger
2.My teacher recommended that i (should可省)be as careful as possible when i took an exam
4、主谓一致与倒装
一、主谓一致
- 要点1就近原则：not only....but also;either ....or;neither....nor;or链接到两个主语时，谓语动词应该与最近的主语保持一致。
- 要点2就远原则：在主语和谓语之间插入短语，as well as，together with，along with ，with，expect ，but谓语动词不受插入语 的影响仍和主语保持一致。
- 要点3时间，距离，金钱等词语做主语表总量时，谓语动词用单数。
二、倒装句
- 要点1only+副词/介词短语/状语从句至于句首强调时，后面的主语与谓语必须部分倒装。
- 要点2一些含有否定意义的词：如 not only，not until,never,hardly,no sooner,scarcely,little,nowhere,in no time......等短语至于句首强调时，后面的主语和谓语必须部分倒装。
倒装句有疑问句、there be句型、表愿望的句子、感叹句、除此之外：
- (1)有些连接词引导句子需要倒装。如 so neither nor等。Jim can drive a car ,so can i.
- (2)有些副词和连接引导的分句也需要倒装，但倒装的部分不同，需要特别记忆。如as引导的分句需将被强调的词前置到句首，即as前，但主谓语顺序不变，而however引导的分句是将被强调的词放在however之后，主语之前，但主谓顺序不变。
- (3)有些副词引导句子，如there here now then out in down up away等等，需要主谓倒装，但如果主语是代词，则主谓不倒装。
- (4)具有否定意义的词或短语作句首时，主谓倒装，这些词有：hardly ，seldom， rarely ，little，barely，scarcely,in no time,not ,never,by no means,when no sooner....than, not only.....but also,等等
- (5)Only作句首强调副词、介词短语或状语从句时主谓倒装，但强调主语时不倒装。
eg:
- The relationship between parents and their children has a strong influence on the character of the children.
- Only by telling the truth can you with the trust and support of your friends.
- The old man ,together with his neighbors,was enjoying the performance when it began to train.
5、复合句
从句有很多种的句子，往往是从连词的角度反应从句的情况。因此需要对连词有比较清晰的理解。下面常见的连词说明：
- 表原因、理由的连词：because as since for，because 表示直接原因，As表示非常明显的原因，常指因果，Since表示对方已知，无需进一步说明，其引导的从句多数放在前面，表示“既然”，for是并列连词，表示推理，解释，其引导的分句只能放在所要说明的分句后面。eg：He is not at work because he is sick;You will see him,for(因为) he's coming;Since(既然) you are unable to answer perhaps we should ask someone else.
- 表示时间的连词：when/while/as,表示“当.......”，while有对比的意思，as="一边，一边"，eg:Schools in the cities to be better equipped while those in countries are relatively poor;As time passed things seemed to get worse;They arrived while we were having dinner.
- 表示时间连词；since/untils/till；since=“自从”，till和until意思相同，多数情况下可互相，但till不能位于句首，且更口语化。eg:He hasn't played football since he left the university;注意：not...until....直到某时某动作才发生，Not until置句首，主句要倒装。eg：i didn't go to sleep until the paper was done last night;
- 表示时间的连词：as soon as\no sooner...than\hardly...when表示“一.......就.......” as soon as表示一个动作做完之后开始另外一个动作。No sooner A than B表示刚做完A就开始做B。Hardly A when B表示还没来得及做A紧接着开始做B。eg：As soon as she entered the room she knew there was something wrong;No sooner has she sat down than the phone rang.