【自动化测试】postman实现ui自动化操作

企业开发 2023-06-05 12:18:51 阅读次数: 0

说起postman，第一反应就是不是拿来做接口测试的吗，还能做ui自动化？

是的，要做ui自动化离不开三样东西，测试脚本，驱动，浏览器。

把自动化理解为打车，打车有三个角色：

  • 乘客：告诉司机去哪里，怎么走
  • 司机：按照乘客的要求开车，把乘客送往目的地
  • 车：根据司机的操纵完成驾驶(转弯，前进，后退等)，到达目的地

这个类比中：

        测试脚本相当于乘客，浏览器驱动相当于司机，浏览器就是出租车

理解了这层关系，明白selenium的工作原理后，你就能明白postman该如何拿来做自动化了。

请先看这篇文章：selenium工作原理

一般做自动化我们都是用selenium包，结合python或者java等语言去写脚本，这就相当于你跟司机交流是用普通话，全国通用，突然有一天你打车遇到个老乡，于是你们就说起了家乡话，照样能交流和到达目的地。

直接看例子如何实现

1.cmd下执行 start chromedriver启动一个webdriver.exe（前提是已经配置好对应版本驱动）

启动后默认端口为9515，Only local connections are allowed，localhost:9515，下一步是要获取启动浏览器接口地址来启动一个浏览器

2.postman中发起post请求启动浏览器 ，地址：http://127.0.0.1:9515/session  

{"capabilities": {
        "firstMatch": [{}],
        "alwaysMatch": {"browserName": "chrome",
                        "platformName": "any",
                        "goog:chromeOptions": {"extensions": [], "args": []}
                        }},
        "desiredCapabilities": {"browserName": "chrome",
                                "version": "",
                                "platform": "ANY",
                                "goog:chromeOptions": {"extensions": [], "args": []}}
    }

3.继续发送post请求在浏览器上输入jd网址，打开jd首页，

请求地址：url = 'http://127.0.0.1:9515/session/%s/url' %session_id

 4.前面这3步就实现了以下代码的功能，其他操作也是通过类似的请求，具体哪些操作对应哪些接口在源码里可以看到。如下图

from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.jd.com")

明白这些之后，其实利用jmeter和request等都可以来实现 ，原理都是一样的，发请求给驱动，让驱动去执行对应的操作

# 1.启动浏览器获取session_id
import requests
params = {"capabilities": {
        "firstMatch": [{}],
        "alwaysMatch": {"browserName": "chrome",
                        "platformName": "any",
                        "goog:chromeOptions": {"extensions": [], "args": []}
                        }},
        "desiredCapabilities": {"browserName": "chrome",
                                "version": "",
                                "platform": "ANY",
                                "goog:chromeOptions": {"extensions": [], "args": []}}
    }
url='http://127.0.0.1:9515/session'
res = requests.post(url=url,json=params) # 注意这里要用json传参数
session_id = (res.json()["value"]["sessionId"]) #获取sessionId

# 2.获取session_id后后续操作带上
url = 'http://127.0.0.1:9515/session/%s/url' % session_id
data = {'url': "http://www.jd.com"}
res = requests.post(url=url, json=data)

        个人观点，虽然说不用selenium也能实现ui自动化，听起来很厉害的样子，了解原理之后其实也没什么，这些花里胡哨的东西没太多用，真去折腾起来费时费力，真的做自动化还是用专业的工具，这些都是学习过程，掌握原理后的实践。

关于如何获取接口地址?通过之前的selenium工作原理的源码分析，我们知道其实是通过发送一个http请求来启动浏览器的。selenium通过start_session()来启动一个浏览器，而start_session()实际上也是发送一个请求给驱动，请求地址可以在源码中找到，路径就是/session，其他接口地址源码中如下。

self._commands = {
            Command.NEW_SESSION: ('POST', '/session'),
            Command.QUIT: ('DELETE', '/session/$sessionId'),
            Command.W3C_GET_CURRENT_WINDOW_HANDLE:
                ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/window'),
            Command.W3C_GET_WINDOW_HANDLES:
                ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/window/handles'),
            Command.GET: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/url'),
            Command.GO_FORWARD: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/forward'),
            Command.GO_BACK: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/back'),
            Command.REFRESH: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/refresh'),
            Command.W3C_EXECUTE_SCRIPT:
                ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/execute/sync'),
            Command.W3C_EXECUTE_SCRIPT_ASYNC:
                ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/execute/async'),
            Command.GET_CURRENT_URL: ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/url'),
            Command.GET_TITLE: ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/title'),
            Command.GET_PAGE_SOURCE: ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/source'),
            Command.SCREENSHOT: ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/screenshot'),
            Command.ELEMENT_SCREENSHOT: ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/screenshot'),
            Command.FIND_ELEMENT: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/element'),
            Command.FIND_ELEMENTS: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/elements'),
            Command.W3C_GET_ACTIVE_ELEMENT: ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/active'),
            Command.FIND_CHILD_ELEMENT:
                ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/element'),
            Command.FIND_CHILD_ELEMENTS:
                ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/elements'),
            Command.CLICK_ELEMENT: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/click'),
            Command.CLEAR_ELEMENT: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/clear'),
            Command.GET_ELEMENT_TEXT: ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/text'),
            Command.SEND_KEYS_TO_ELEMENT:
                ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/value'),
            Command.UPLOAD_FILE: ('POST', "/session/$sessionId/se/file"),
            Command.GET_ELEMENT_TAG_NAME:
                ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/name'),
            Command.IS_ELEMENT_SELECTED:
                ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/selected'),
            Command.IS_ELEMENT_ENABLED:
                ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/enabled'),
            Command.GET_ELEMENT_RECT:
                ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/rect'),
            Command.GET_ELEMENT_ATTRIBUTE:
                ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/attribute/$name'),
            Command.GET_ELEMENT_PROPERTY:
                ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/property/$name'),
            Command.GET_ELEMENT_ARIA_ROLE:
                ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/computedrole'),
            Command.GET_ELEMENT_ARIA_LABEL:
                ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/computedlabel'),
            Command.GET_SHADOW_ROOT:
                ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/shadow'),
            Command.FIND_ELEMENT_FROM_SHADOW_ROOT:
                ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/shadow/$shadowId/element'),
            Command.FIND_ELEMENTS_FROM_SHADOW_ROOT:
                ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/shadow/$shadowId/elements'),
            Command.GET_ALL_COOKIES: ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/cookie'),
            Command.ADD_COOKIE: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/cookie'),
            Command.GET_COOKIE: ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/cookie/$name'),
            Command.DELETE_ALL_COOKIES:
                ('DELETE', '/session/$sessionId/cookie'),
            Command.DELETE_COOKIE:
                ('DELETE', '/session/$sessionId/cookie/$name'),
            Command.SWITCH_TO_FRAME: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/frame'),
            Command.SWITCH_TO_PARENT_FRAME: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/frame/parent'),
            Command.SWITCH_TO_WINDOW: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/window'),
            Command.NEW_WINDOW: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/window/new'),
            Command.CLOSE: ('DELETE', '/session/$sessionId/window'),
            Command.GET_ELEMENT_VALUE_OF_CSS_PROPERTY:
                ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/css/$propertyName'),
            Command.EXECUTE_ASYNC_SCRIPT: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/execute_async'),
            Command.SET_TIMEOUTS:
                ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/timeouts'),
            Command.GET_TIMEOUTS:
                ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/timeouts'),
            Command.W3C_DISMISS_ALERT:
                ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/alert/dismiss'),
            Command.W3C_ACCEPT_ALERT:
                ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/alert/accept'),
            Command.W3C_SET_ALERT_VALUE:
                ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/alert/text'),
            Command.W3C_GET_ALERT_TEXT:
                ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/alert/text'),
            Command.W3C_ACTIONS:
                ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/actions'),
            Command.W3C_CLEAR_ACTIONS:
                ('DELETE', '/session/$sessionId/actions'),
            Command.SET_WINDOW_RECT:
                ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/window/rect'),
            Command.GET_WINDOW_RECT:
                ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/window/rect'),
            Command.W3C_MAXIMIZE_WINDOW:
                ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/window/maximize'),
            Command.SET_SCREEN_ORIENTATION:
                ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/orientation'),
            Command.GET_SCREEN_ORIENTATION:
                ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/orientation'),
            Command.GET_NETWORK_CONNECTION:
                ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/network_connection'),
            Command.SET_NETWORK_CONNECTION:
                ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/network_connection'),
            Command.GET_LOG:
                ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/se/log'),
            Command.GET_AVAILABLE_LOG_TYPES:
                ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/se/log/types'),
            Command.CURRENT_CONTEXT_HANDLE:
                ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/context'),
            Command.CONTEXT_HANDLES:
                ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/contexts'),
            Command.SWITCH_TO_CONTEXT:
                ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/context'),
            Command.FULLSCREEN_WINDOW:
                ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/window/fullscreen'),
            Command.MINIMIZE_WINDOW:
                ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/window/minimize'),
            Command.PRINT_PAGE:
                ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/print'),
            Command.ADD_VIRTUAL_AUTHENTICATOR:
                ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/webauthn/authenticator'),
            Command.REMOVE_VIRTUAL_AUTHENTICATOR:
                ('DELETE', '/session/$sessionId/webauthn/authenticator/$authenticatorId'),
            Command.ADD_CREDENTIAL:
                ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/webauthn/authenticator/$authenticatorId/credential'),
            Command.GET_CREDENTIALS:
                ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/webauthn/authenticator/$authenticatorId/credentials'),
            Command.REMOVE_CREDENTIAL:
                ('DELETE', '/session/$sessionId/webauthn/authenticator/$authenticatorId/credentials/$credentialId'),
            Command.REMOVE_ALL_CREDENTIALS:
                ('DELETE', '/session/$sessionId/webauthn/authenticator/$authenticatorId/credentials'),
            Command.SET_USER_VERIFIED:
                ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/webauthn/authenticator/$authenticatorId/uv'),
        }

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