【Web自动化测试】自动化测试模型——数据驱动测试和关键字驱动测试

自动化测试模型可以看作自动化测试框架与工具设计的思想。随着自动化测试技术的发展，演化为以下几种模型：

线性测试
模块化驱动侧式
数据驱动测试
关键字驱动测试

前一篇所讲的模块化驱动测试能够很好的解决脚本重复的问题，但是在针对同一个功能进行不同数据的测试，从而检测测试结果的变化时仍然需要重复地编写测试脚本。于是，数据驱动测试的概念就为解决这类问题而被提出。

我们可以通过读取定义的数组、字典，或者是外部文件（excel、csv、txt、xml等），都可以看作是数据驱动，从而实现数据与脚本的分离，进一步增强脚本的复用性。

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读取txt文件

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Java

(ノへ￣、)这段代码存在一个问题，txt文件中有四组数据，但运行时只执行了三组数据（运行时忽略了一条密码为空的数据）。

data.java

package PublicMethods;

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;


public class data {
    //读取txt文件
    public static Map txtData(String fileName) throws IOException 
    {
        Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<String , String>(); //存放多个键值对
        String[] arryTemp = null;
        String username = null;
        String password = null;
        String s = null;
        
        File file = new File(fileName);
        FileReader fr = new FileReader(file);
        BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(fr);
        while((s = br.readLine()) != null)
        {
            arryTemp = s.split(","); //将一行数据存入数组
            username = arryTemp[0];  //获取账户
            password = arryTemp[1];  //获取密码
            map.put(username, password); //存储一组账号密码
        }
        
        return map;
    }
}

share.java

package PublicMethods;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.NoAlertPresentException;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;

public class share {
    private static WebDriver driver;
    
    public static WebDriver OpenDriver(String url)
    {
        driver = new FirefoxDriver();
        driver.get(url);
        return driver;
    }
    
    public static void UserLogin(WebDriver driver, Map map) throws InterruptedException 
    {
        Set<String> keyset = map.keySet(); //获取Map的值
        for(String count : keyset) {
            Thread.sleep(2000);
            driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='username']")).sendKeys(count);
            System.out.println(count);
            driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='password']")).sendKeys(map.get(count).toString());
            Thread.sleep(2000);
            driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='login_button']")).click();
            Thread.sleep(2000);
            try
            {
                driver.switchTo().alert().accept();
                Thread.sleep(2000);
                driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='username']")).clear();
                driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='password']")).clear();
            }catch(NoAlertPresentException NofindAlert)
            {
                UserLogout(driver);
            }    
        }
    }
    
    public static void UserLogout(WebDriver driver) throws InterruptedException
    {
        driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='logout_button']")).click();
        Thread.sleep(2000);
    }
}

LoginTest.java

package Test;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.*;
import PublicMethods.*;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;

public class LoginTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
        WebDriver driver = PublicMethods.share.OpenDriver("file:///D:/%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95.html");
        String filename = "D:\\app_tool\\eclipse-workspace\\AutoTest\\TestData\\user_info.txt";
        
        Map map = txtData(filename);
        
        UserLogin(driver, map);
        driver.quit();
    }
}

Python

data.py

class data():
    # 读取txt文件
    def txtData(self, fileName):
        file = open(fileName, 'r')
        lines = file.readlines()
        file.close()
        return lines

share.py

from time import *
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

class share():
    # 启动浏览器
    def open_driver(self, url):
        driver = webdriver.Firefox()
        driver.implicitly_wait(10)
        driver.get(url)
        return driver

    # 登录账号检测
    def user_login(self, driver, lines):
        for line in lines:
            sleep(2)
            driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='username']").send_keys(line.split(',')[0])
            driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='password']").send_keys(line.split(',')[1])
            sleep(2)
            driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='login_button']").click()
            sleep(2)
            result =EC.alert_is_present()(driver)
            # 判断是否有弹窗
            if result:
                result.accept()
                driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='username']").clear()
                driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='password']").clear()

    # 退出账号
    def user_logout(self, driver):
        driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='logout_button']").click()
        sleep(2)

LoginTest.py

from public import share,data


driver = share.share().open_driver('file:///D:/%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95.html')

filename = 'user_info.txt'
lines = data.data().txtData(filename)

share.share().user_login(driver, lines)
share.share().user_logout(driver)
driver.quit()

Ruby

读取csv文件
该方法同样适用于读取txt文件

Java

data.java

package PublicMethods;

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;


public class data {
    //读取csv文件
    public static ArrayList<String[]> csvData(String fileName)
    {
        ArrayList<String[]> list = new ArrayList<String[]>();  //创建保存数据集合
        CsvReader cReader = null;
        try{
            cReader = new CsvReader(fileName);
            //是否跳过表头
            cReader.readHeaders();
            while(cReader.readRecord())
            {
                list.add(cReader.getValues());
            }
        }catch(Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        finally
        {
            cReader.close();
        }
        
        //如果使用testng的DataProvider,可以返回一个二维数组
        Object data[][] = new Object[list.size()][];
        for(int i=0;i<list.size();i++)
        {
            data[i]=list.get(i);
        }
        
        return list;
    }
}

share.java

package PublicMethods;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.NoAlertPresentException;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;

public class share {
    private static WebDriver driver;
    
    public static WebDriver OpenDriver(String url)
    {
        driver = new FirefoxDriver();
        driver.get(url);
        return driver;
    }
    
    public static void UserLogin(WebDriver driver, ArrayList<String[]> list) throws InterruptedException 
    {
        for(int i=0;i<list.size();i++) {
            Thread.sleep(2000);
            driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='username']")).sendKeys(list.get(i)[1]);
            driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='password']")).sendKeys(list.get(i)[2]);
            Thread.sleep(2000);
            driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='login_button']")).click();
            Thread.sleep(2000);
            try
            {
                driver.switchTo().alert().accept();
                Thread.sleep(2000);
                driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='username']")).clear();
                driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='password']")).clear();
            }catch(NoAlertPresentException NofindAlert)
            {
                UserLogout(driver);
            }    
        }
    }
    
    public static void UserLogout(WebDriver driver) throws InterruptedException
    {
        driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='logout_button']")).click();
        Thread.sleep(2000);
    }
}

LoginTest.java

package Test;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.*;
import PublicMethods.*;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;

public class LoginTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
        WebDriver driver = PublicMethods.share.OpenDriver("file:///D:/%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95.html");
        String filename = "D:\\app_tool\\eclipse-workspace\\AutoTest\\TestData\\user_info.csv";
        
        ArrayList<String[]> list = csvData(filename);
        
        UserLogin(driver, list);
        driver.quit();
    }
}

Python

data.py

import csv

class data():
    # 读取CSV文件
    def csvData(self, fileName):
        lines = csv.reader(open(fileName, 'r'))
        return lines

share.py

from time import *
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

class share():
    # 启动浏览器
    def open_driver(self, url):
        driver = webdriver.Firefox()
        driver.implicitly_wait(10)
        driver.get(url)
        return driver

    # 登录账号检测
    def user_login(self, driver, lines):
        for line in lines:
            sleep(2)
            driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='username']").send_keys(line[0])
            driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='password']").send_keys(line[1])
            sleep(2)
            driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='login_button']").click()
            sleep(2)
            result =EC.alert_is_present()(driver)
            # 判断是否有弹窗
            if result:
                result.accept()
                driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='username']").clear()
                driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='password']").clear()

    # 退出账号
    def user_logout(self, driver):
        driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='logout_button']").click()
        sleep(2)

LoginTest.py

from public import share,data

driver = share.share().open_driver('file:///D:/%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95.html')

filename = 'user_info.csv'
lines = data.data().csvData(filename)

share.share().user_login(driver, lines)
share.share().user_logout(driver)
driver.quit()

Ruby

读取excel文件
Excel文件数据必须时文本格式

Java
进入http://poi.apache.org/download.html下载POI的Jar包
问题一：

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解决方法：
进入http://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.apache.xmlbeans/xmlbeans/2.6.0，下载jar包

问题二：

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解决方法：
进入http://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.apache.commons/commons-collections4/4.1，下载jar包

问题三：
在遇到Excel单元值为空时sheet.getRow(i).getCell(j).getStringCellValue()会报错
解决方法：
在Excel中把空值改为空格，然后在代码中获取该值后去空格。

data.java

package PublicMethods;

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;


public class data {
    //读取Excel文件
    public static XSSFSheet excelData(String fileName) throws IOException
    {
        File file = new File(fileName);
        FileInputStream is = new FileInputStream(file);
        
        XSSFWorkbook wb = new XSSFWorkbook(is); //加载workbook
        XSSFSheet sheet = wb.getSheetAt(0);  //加载sheet
        return sheet;
    }
}

share.java

package PublicMethods;

import org.apache.poi.xssf.usermodel.XSSFSheet;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.NoAlertPresentException;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;

public class share {
    private static WebDriver driver;
    
    public static WebDriver OpenDriver(String url)
    {
        driver = new FirefoxDriver();
        driver.get(url);
        return driver;
    }
    
    public static void UserLogin(WebDriver driver, XSSFSheet sheet) throws InterruptedException 
    {
        for(int i=0;i<sheet.getLastRowNum();i++) {
            Thread.sleep(2000);
            driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='username']")).sendKeys(sheet.getRow(i).getCell(1).getStringCellValue().toString().trim());
            driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='password']")).sendKeys(sheet.getRow(i).getCell(2).getStringCellValue().toString().trim());
            Thread.sleep(2000);
            driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='login_button']")).click();
            Thread.sleep(2000);
            try
            {
                driver.switchTo().alert().accept();
                Thread.sleep(2000);
                driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='username']")).clear();
                driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='password']")).clear();
            }catch(NoAlertPresentException NofindAlert)
            {
                UserLogout(driver);
            }    
        }
    }
    
    public static void UserLogout(WebDriver driver) throws InterruptedException
    {
        driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='logout_button']")).click();
        Thread.sleep(2000);
    }
}

LoginTest.java

package Test;

import java.io.IOException;
import PublicMethods.*;
import org.apache.poi.xssf.usermodel.XSSFSheet;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;

public class LoginTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
        WebDriver driver = PublicMethods.share.OpenDriver("file:///D:/%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95.html");
        String filename = "D:\\app_tool\\eclipse-workspace\\AutoTest\\TestData\\user_info.xlsx";
        
        XSSFSheet sheet = excelData(filename);
        
        UserLogin(driver, sheet);
        driver.quit();
    }
}

Python

data.py

import xlrd

class data():
    # 读取excel文件
    def execelData(self, fileName, sheetName):
        data = xlrd.open_workbook(fileName)

        #  通过索引顺序获取
        # table = data.sheets()[0]
        # table = data.sheet_by_index(0)
        table = data.sheet_by_name(sheetName)
        
        # 获取一行或一列的值，参数是第几行
        # table.row_values(0)    获取第一行的值
        # table.col_values(0)    获取第一列的值
        return  table

share.py

from time import *
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

class share():
    # 启动浏览器
    def open_driver(self, url):
        driver = webdriver.Firefox()
        driver.implicitly_wait(10)
        driver.get(url)
        return driver

    # 登录账号检测
    def user_login(self, driver, table):
        rows = table.nrows
        for i in range(rows):
            sleep(2)
            driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='username']").send_keys(table.cell(i, 1).value)
            driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='password']").send_keys(table.cell(i, 2).value)
            sleep(2)
            driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='login_button']").click()
            sleep(2)
            result =EC.alert_is_present()(driver)
            # 判断是否有弹窗
            if result:
                result.accept()
                driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='username']").clear()
                driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='password']").clear()

    # 退出账号
    def user_logout(self, driver):
        driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='logout_button']").click()
        sleep(2)

LoginTest.py

from public import share,data

driver = share.share().open_driver('file:///D:/%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95.html')

filename = 'TestData/user_info.xlsx'
sheetname = 'test'
table = data.data().execelData(filename, sheetname)

share.share().user_login(driver, table)
share.share().user_logout(driver)
driver.quit()

Ruby

浅谈关键字驱动测试
在数据驱动的基础上，我们把“数据”转化为“关键字”后，通过关键字的改变从而引起测试结果的变化。
为何我要在这里说明是“浅谈”呢？在关键字驱动测试中，我们可以将测试的对象、满足条件、传输值、断言等，甚至是所需要读取的外部文件以及外部类库，所有的相关条件存储在文件中（典型的关键字驱动工具：UFT）。我们可以将关键字以“填表格”形式写入文件中，从而降低脚本的编写难度。
正因如此，采用关键字驱动测试来编写同样的脚本需要较高的学习成本。同样，这样的框架越到后期越难维护，可靠性也会变差。所以，暂时不深入研究关键字驱动测试。

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