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2.1 History of computer development
Early electronic computers were used as military computing tools, but after half a century of rapid development, they have brought great contributions to human society.
2.1.1 Development of computer hardware
Early computers were large and often used in industry:
- 1946 -1957: The first generation of tube computers - data processors.
- 1958 -1964: The second generation transistor computer - industrial control machine.
After that, hardware technology developed rapidly, and minicomputers began to appear:
- 1965 -1971: The third generation of small and medium-scale integrated circuit computers - minicomputers.
- 1972 -1990: Large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuit computers - microcomputers, divided into: multi-board computer (multiple printed boards), single-board computer, single-chip computer (one chip).
- 1991 - Present: VLSI Computer—Single Chip Microcomputer
2.1.2 Computer software development
Early computer operations required the use of machine language. In order to operate computers more conveniently, the language has been developed as follows:
- After 1950: Symbolic language and assembly language, and an assembler that translates it into machine language.
- 1954: The first phase represents
FORTRANthe advent of the language, which enhances program readability and is still oriented towards scientific and engineering computing. - 1968: The second phase of structured programming phase,
PASCALthe language came out, it defines a real standard language. At the same time, with the emergence of these languages, compilers for the corresponding languages also appeared rapidly. - So far: the third stage of object-oriented programming stage, the representative language is
C++,Javaand so on.
With the emergence of various languages, assemblers, compilers, and interpreters have gradually formed a software system:
- System programs: various service programs, language programs, operating systems, database management systems.
- Application program: A program written by a user to use a computer to solve certain problems.
2.2 Computer application
In recent years, the integration of computer technology and communication technology has expanded the application range of computers from traditional fields such as scientific computing and data processing to office automation, multimedia, e-commerce, virtual factories, distance education, etc., throughout society, politics, economy, military, Technology and all corners of personal cultural life and family life:
- Scientific computing and data processing: In the field of scientific research, computers are indispensable.
- Industrial control and real-time control: automation of industrial production, intelligent manufacturing, etc.
- Virtual reality: Simulate real scenes, covering scientific research, production, life and other fields.
- Information management and big data: Provide a platform for various management programs, processing of big data and data analysis.
- Artificial intelligence: an emerging technology, a future discipline, with great expectations and high prospects.