python 异步编程——asyncio

摘要

本文主要介绍了python通过asyncio模块如何实现异步编程。

1. 协程

1.1 基本概念

  1. 协程不是计算机提供的,程序员人为创造;
  2. 协程(coroutine,微线程),即一个线程实现代码块相互切换执行;

1.2 实现方法

  1. greenlet模块(早期)
  2. yield关键字
  3. asyncio模块(py3.4)
  4. async、await关键字(py3.5)

1.2.1 greenlet

pip install greenlet
from greenlet import greenlet
def func_a():
    print("first in func_a!")
    gr_b.switch()
    print("second in func_a!")
    gr_b.switch()
    print("third in func_a!")
    gr_b.switch()
    
def func_b():
    print("first in func_b!")
    gr_a.switch()
    print("second in func_b!")
    gr_a.switch()
    print("third in func_b!")

gr_a = greenlet(func_a)
gr_b = greenlet(func_b)

gr_a.switch()
first in func_a!
first in func_b!
second in func_a!
second in func_b!
third in func_a!
third in func_b!

1.2.2 yield

def func_a():
    yield "first in func_a!"
    yield from func_b()
    yield "second in func_a!"
    yield "third in func_a!"

def func_b():
    yield "first in func_b!"
    yield "second in func_b!"
    yield "third in func_b!"
iters = func_a()
for i in iters:
    print(i)
first in func_a!
first in func_b!
second in func_b!
third in func_b!
second in func_a!
third in func_a!

1.2.3 asyncio模块

import asyncio


@asyncio.coroutine
def func_a():
    print("first in func_a!")
    yield from asyncio.sleep(2)
    print("second in func_a!")
    yield from asyncio.sleep(2)
    print("third in func_a!")


@asyncio.coroutine
def func_b():
    print("first in func_b!")
    yield from asyncio.sleep(2)
    print("second in func_b!")
    yield from asyncio.sleep(2)
    print("third in func_b!")


tasks = [asyncio.ensure_future(func_a()),
         asyncio.ensure_future(func_b())]
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(tasks))
first in func_a!
first in func_b!
second in func_a!
second in func_b!
third in func_a!
third in func_b!

1.2.4 async、await关键字(推荐)

import asyncio



async def func_a():
    print("first in func_a!")
    await asyncio.sleep(2)
    print("second in func_a!")
    await asyncio.sleep(2)
    print("third in func_a!")


async def func_b():
    print("first in func_b!")
    await asyncio.sleep(2)
    print("second in func_b!")
    await asyncio.sleep(2)
    print("third in func_b!")


tasks = [asyncio.ensure_future(func_a()),
         asyncio.ensure_future(func_b())]
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(tasks))
first in func_a!
first in func_b!
second in func_a!
second in func_b!
third in func_a!
third in func_b!

1.2.5 协程的意义

在一个线程中,如果遇到IO等待时间,利用该空闲时间去处理其余任务。

2. 异步编程(asyncio模块)

2.1 事件循环

2.1.1 定义

死循环:检测并执行某些代码。

import asyncio

# 获取一个事件循环
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
#将任务放到任务列表
loop.run_until_complete(tasks)

2.2 协程函数(async关键字) & 携程对象

协程函数
async def 函数名
携程对象
	执行携程函数得到的对象 func()
async func():
	pass
result = func() # 得到协程对象时,函数内部代码不会执行。

执行协程对象

import asyncio
async def func():
	pass
asyncio.run(func())

2.3 await关键字

await 后接可等待的对象
	 (协程对象、Future对象、Task对象)
	  即IO等待

# 举例1
import asyncio
async def func():
	print("开始执行!")
	response = await asyncio.sleep(2)
	print("已结束!",response)
asyncio.run(func())

# 举例2
import asyncio

async def fun_a():
    print("func_a:1!")
    await asyncio.sleep(2)
    print("func_a:2!")
    return "func_a:over!"

async def fun_b():
    print("func_b:1")
    response = await fun_a()
    print(response)

asyncio.run(fun_b())

结果为:
func_b:1
func_a:1!
func_a:2!
func_a:over!

2.4 Task对象

在事件循环中添加多个任务。

Task用于并发调度协程,
asyncio.create_task(协程对象)

import asyncio

async def fun_a():
    print("func_a:1!")
    await asyncio.sleep(2)
    print("func_a:2!")
    return "func_a:over!"

async def fun_b():
    print("func_b:1")
    tasks = [asyncio.create_task(fun_a()),
             asyncio.create_task(fun_a()),
             ]
    done,pending = await asyncio.wait(tasks)
    print(done)

asyncio.run(fun_b())
func_b:1
func_a:1!
func_a:1!
func_a:2!
func_a:2!

2.5 future 对象

Task继承Future对象,Task的await结果由Future处理而来。(很少使用)

2.6 concurrent.futures.Future对象

使用进程池或线程池实现异步操作。

from concurrent.futures import Future
from concurrent.futures.thread import ThreadPoolExecutor
from concurrent.futures.process import ProcessPoolExecutor


def func(val):
    print(val)
    return val

thread_pool = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=5)

for i in range(10):
    fut = thread_pool.submit(func,i)
    print(fut)

协程与线程(进程)的交叉使用

import asyncio
from concurrent.futures import Future
from concurrent.futures.thread import ThreadPoolExecutor
from concurrent.futures.process import ProcessPoolExecutor


async def func_a():
    print("func_a:1!")
    await asyncio.sleep(2)
    print("func_a:2!")
    return 200

def func_b(val):
    print(val)
    print("I am in func_b!")
    return 100

async def main():
    print("main func:1!")
    result = await func_a()
    print(result)

    loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
    # 1、使用线程调用func_b
    future = loop.run_in_executor(None,func_b,2011)

    # # 2、使用线程调用func_b
    # with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=5) as executor:
    #     future = loop.run_in_executor(executor, func_b, 2011)
    #
    # # 3、使用进程调用func_b
    # with ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=5) as executor:
    #     future = loop.run_in_executor(executor, func_b, 2011)

    response = await future

    print(response)



asyncio.run(main())

main func:1!
func_a:1!
func_a:2!
200
2011
I am in func_b!
100

案例(asyncio+不支持异步的模块)

// An highlighted block
import asyncio
from concurrent.futures.thread import ThreadPoolExecutor
import requests
import random


async def spider(url):
    loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
    print("start to download {}".format(url))

    with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=5) as executor:
        result = loop.run_in_executor(executor,requests.get,url)
    response = await result

    print("end to download {}".format(url))

    with open("{}.png".format(random.choice([i for i in range(1000)])),"wb") as f:
        f.write(response.content)


urls = ["https://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=0&ipn=false&word=%E4%BA%94%E6%9C%88%E5%A4%A9%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&hs=0&pn=0&spn=0&di=101860&pi=0&rn=1&tn=baiduimagedetail&is=0%2C0&istype=0&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&cs=548937810%2C3900574322&os=2218065150%2C2242708278&simid=4253052539%2C539865446&adpicid=0&lpn=0&ln=1334&fr=&fmq=1642142581695_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined&copyright=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&ist=&jit=&cg=star&bdtype=0&oriquery=&objurl=https%3A%2F%2Fgimg2.baidu.com%2Fimage_search%2Fsrc%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fpic1.zhimg.com%2F50%2Fv2-3b13501c1397e36b11a0efb9fc2ca195_hd.jpg%26refer%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fpic1.zhimg.com%26app%3D2002%26size%3Df9999%2C10000%26q%3Da80%26n%3D0%26g%3D0n%26fmt%3Djpeg%3Fsec%3D1644734586%26t%3Dedf6d65698f1c31375d2689bfcd59533&fromurl=ippr_z2C%24qAzdH3FAzdH3Fooo_z%26e3Bziti7_z%26e3Bv54AzdH3Fq7jfpt5gAzdH3Fdbd00mm9aAzdH3Fwgfoj6AzdH3F00d9nmdmc&gsm=1&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&islist=&querylist=&nojc=undefined&dyTabStr=MCwzLDEsNiw0LDIsNSw3LDgsOQ%3D%3D",
        "https://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=0&ipn=false&word=%E4%BA%94%E6%9C%88%E5%A4%A9%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&hs=0&pn=1&spn=0&di=70180&pi=0&rn=1&tn=baiduimagedetail&is=0%2C0&istype=0&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&cs=301737693%2C3447630243&os=1460876122%2C3473358269&simid=4250352230%2C715662432&adpicid=0&lpn=0&ln=1334&fr=&fmq=1642142581695_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined&copyright=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&ist=&jit=&cg=star&bdtype=0&oriquery=&objurl=https%3A%2F%2Fgimg2.baidu.com%2Fimage_search%2Fsrc%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fb-ssl.duitang.com%2Fuploads%2Fitem%2F201704%2F03%2F20170403095157_yfQ5i.thumb.700_0.jpeg%26refer%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fb-ssl.duitang.com%26app%3D2002%26size%3Df9999%2C10000%26q%3Da80%26n%3D0%26g%3D0n%26fmt%3Djpeg%3Fsec%3D1644734586%26t%3Db079866dcc8b21bbdae0450fea819256&fromurl=ippr_z2C%24qAzdH3FAzdH3Fooo-kjpw8_z%26e3B17tpwg2_z%26e3Bv54AzdH3Fks52AzdH3F%3Ft1%3D0n98n9bn9&gsm=1&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&islist=&querylist=&nojc=undefined&dyTabStr=MCwzLDEsNiw0LDIsNSw3LDgsOQ%3D%3D",
        "https://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=0&ipn=false&word=%E4%BA%94%E6%9C%88%E5%A4%A9%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&hs=0&pn=4&spn=0&di=164890&pi=0&rn=1&tn=baiduimagedetail&is=0%2C0&istype=0&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&cs=554303154%2C2476822283&os=2894650807%2C2922528529&simid=3343407959%2C137235789&adpicid=0&lpn=0&ln=1334&fr=&fmq=1642142581695_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined&copyright=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&ist=&jit=&cg=star&bdtype=0&oriquery=&objurl=https%3A%2F%2Fgimg2.baidu.com%2Fimage_search%2Fsrc%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Finews.gtimg.com%2Fnewsapp_match%2F0%2F11861039407%2F0.jpg%26refer%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Finews.gtimg.com%26app%3D2002%26size%3Df9999%2C10000%26q%3Da80%26n%3D0%26g%3D0n%26fmt%3Djpeg%3Fsec%3D1644734586%26t%3D7dcf718e3ef7b029dbfbb0312ac5c301&fromurl=ippr_z2C%24qAzdH3FAzdH3Fh7wtkw5_z%26e3Bqq_z%26e3Bv54AzdH3FfAzdH3FdadaamadAaHbUDaa%3F6juj6%3Dfrt1j6&gsm=1&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&islist=&querylist=&nojc=undefined&dyTabStr=MCwzLDEsNiw0LDIsNSw3LDgsOQ%3D%3D",
        "https://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=0&ipn=false&word=%E4%BA%94%E6%9C%88%E5%A4%A9%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&hs=0&pn=18&spn=0&di=125620&pi=0&rn=1&tn=baiduimagedetail&is=0%2C0&istype=0&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&cs=3919725283%2C4047357414&os=1077457953%2C3020600078&simid=4210168092%2C663966287&adpicid=0&lpn=0&ln=1334&fr=&fmq=1642142581695_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined&copyright=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&ist=&jit=&cg=star&bdtype=0&oriquery=&objurl=https%3A%2F%2Fgimg2.baidu.com%2Fimage_search%2Fsrc%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fb-ssl.duitang.com%2Fuploads%2Fitem%2F201707%2F21%2F20170721002211_RkCmF.thumb.700_0.jpeg%26refer%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fb-ssl.duitang.com%26app%3D2002%26size%3Df9999%2C10000%26q%3Da80%26n%3D0%26g%3D0n%26fmt%3Djpeg%3Fsec%3D1644734693%26t%3D56b4d33f55e7483f69343b4e9ebaab21&fromurl=ippr_z2C%24qAzdH3FAzdH3Fooo_z%26e3B17tpwg2_z%26e3Bv54AzdH3Fks52AzdH3F%3Ft1%3Dbalcllal0&gsm=13&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&islist=&querylist=&nojc=undefined&dyTabStr=MCwzLDEsNiw0LDIsNSw3LDgsOQ%3D%3D",
        "https://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=0&ipn=false&word=%E4%BA%94%E6%9C%88%E5%A4%A9%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&hs=0&pn=38&spn=0&di=69740&pi=0&rn=1&tn=baiduimagedetail&is=0%2C0&istype=0&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&cs=3698734864%2C2135288157&os=1009166602%2C1961084779&simid=3421568423%2C430913388&adpicid=0&lpn=0&ln=1334&fr=&fmq=1642142581695_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined&copyright=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&ist=&jit=&cg=star&bdtype=0&oriquery=&objurl=https%3A%2F%2Fgimg2.baidu.com%2Fimage_search%2Fsrc%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2F5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com%2Fimages%2F20181103%2Fac15613329de46099b3bc0d5398ff9ea.jpeg%26refer%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2F5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com%26app%3D2002%26size%3Df9999%2C10000%26q%3Da80%26n%3D0%26g%3D0n%26fmt%3Djpeg%3Fsec%3D1644734709%26t%3D60e503e73c3c9a23d100ebd435e17c48&fromurl=ippr_z2C%24qAzdH3FAzdH3Fooo_z%26e3Bf5i7_z%26e3Bv54AzdH3FwAzdH3Fd0dlcmamd_m09baa&gsm=26&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&islist=&querylist=&nojc=undefined&dyTabStr=MCwzLDEsNiw0LDIsNSw3LDgsOQ%3D%3D",]

task = [spider(url) for url in urls]

asyncio.run(asyncio.wait(task))

2.7 异步迭代器

不常用

2.8 异步上下文管理器

import asyncio
async def main():
	async with AsyncManager() as f:
		f.do_sth()
asyncio.run(main())

3. uvloop

使用uvloop替代asyncio的默认事件循环,效率高出两倍
pip install uvloop


import asyncio
import uvloop
asyncion.set_event_loop_policy(uvloop.EventLoopPolicy())

4. 案例

4.1 连接MySQL

pip insatll aiomysql

4.2 FastAPI框架

pip insatll fastapi
pip insatll uvicorn

by CyrusMay 2022 01 14

世界再大
不过你和我
用最小回忆
堆成宇宙
—————五月天(因为你 所以我)—————

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転載: blog.csdn.net/Cyrus_May/article/details/122491335