Notes block chain study 3: "chain" what is?
Storage block chain is a chain store , a hash value blocks built on tile memory contents generated in chronological order according to the link before and after the link block. In each sync block chain system nodes (individual or organization) after tile generation, thus each node eventually save a complete and consistent data. In other words, the system will keep the block chain eventual consistency, but does not ensure real consistency.
Block chain by network-wide chain can be divided into public, private, chain, chain League:
(1) Public chain
The so-called public is completely open, anyone can arbitrarily used without permission set, no authentication and the like, can not only participate in the use of any and all data that occur can be arbitrarily view, completely open and transparent, Bitcoin is a public chain network system, we use the time Bitcoin system, just download the appropriate client software, create a purse address, transfer transactions, mining and other operations, can be used freely.
Since there is no public link a third-party system management, and therefore rely on a set of rules previously agreed upon during this rule to ensure that each participant in an untrusted network environment can initiate secure transactions. Generally speaking, those who need public participation, the need to ensure maximum data open and transparent system, apply to publicly owned chain, such as digital currency system, crowdfunding system, financial transaction systems.
In the public chain environment, the number of nodes is not fixed, the online node or not is unable to control, or even a node is not a malicious node can not be guaranteed. We explain the general workflow chain of blocks in the above section, when mentioned a problem, in this case, how do you know the data is being written confirmation of most of the nodes? Indeed, in the public chain environment, this issue is not a good solution, the most appropriate thing to go through continuous synchronized with each other, the final chain network nodes are synchronized most consistent data block is formed to be recognized the main chain, which is also referred to as the final consistency.
(2) Private chain
This is a concept with the public chain relative, refers to so-called private is not open, the system is only used within the organization, such as enterprise management of bills, accounts auditing, supply chain management, or some government management systems. Private chain during use, usually require registration, which is required to submit identity, but also have a set of rights management systems.
A friend may be in doubt, Bitcoin, Ethernet and other systems, though they are public Square chain system, but if these systems are set up in a local area network is not connected to external networks, this does not become a private chain yet? Spread from the network point of view, can be counted as long as the network has been isolated from the external network, it can only have been using their own, but because the system itself does not use any authentication and permissions, so from a technical point of view, this situation can only be regarded as a private network using well testing system client chain structures, such as Ethernet can be used to build private Square chain environment, this situation typically be used to test the public chain may of course be suitable for enterprise applications.
In a private environment the chain, the number of nodes and node status is usually controlled, and therefore the chain in a private environment generally do not need to be screened by the packager data block competitive manner, a more energy-saving manner can be employed, such as POS (proof of Stake proof of interest) mentioned in the introduction above consensus mechanism in, DPOS (DelegateProof of Stake commissioned proof of interest), PBFT (practical Byzantine FaultTolerance practical Byzantine fault tolerance algorithm) and so on.
(3) Chain Alliance
Alliance network-wide chain of chain between the public and private chains, typically used in multiple members of a role in the environment, such as payment and settlement, logistics and so on between enterprises between banks, these scenarios are often made members of the different authorities involved in, as with the private chain, chain alliance system generally also have authentication and permission settings, and the number of nodes is often determined, very appropriate for transactions between businesses or organizations. Union does not have to complete the chain of control, such as government system, some of the data available to the public, it can partially open it.
Since the coalition chain is generally used between a clear mechanism, the private chain with the same number of nodes and the state is controllable, and usually uses more energy saving consensus mechanism.
The deployment environment can be divided into: a main joint, test chain:
(1) the main chain
The so-called backbone, which is deployed in a real production environment block chain system, the software before the official release will go through a lot of internal test version, for discovering some of the possible existence of BUG, and for internal presentations in order to see the effect, until the final official version will be released. Backbone, it can be said that the official version of the client consisting of block chain network design must be the backbone is actually promoting the use of the various functions are also relatively the most perfect. In addition, in some cases, block chain system due to various causes split ends, such as when temporary mining produces small bifurcation, at which time the longest piece of the original chain is called the backbone.
(2) Test chain
This is well understood, it is to test the use of developers in order to facilitate learning to use and provide the block chain network, such as Bitcoin test chain, chain Ethernet Square test, of course, it would not mean developers have to be a block chain to provide testing chain, users can also build their own test network. Functional design and test the backbone chain of production environments that there may be some differences, such as the backbone of the workload using proven mining algorithms, the chain can be replaced in the test algorithm for testing more convenient to use.
The docking type can be divided into: a single-chain, side chain, interconnected chain:
(1) single-stranded
Systems can be separately operated chain block can be called a single strand, e.g. Bitcoin backbone chain test; Square Ethernet backbone, test chain; litecoin backbone, the test chain; super books project built Fabric Union chain, these blocks chain system has a complete component modules, self-contained system.
We should pay attention, for some software systems, such as Ethernet-based Square crowdfunding system or financial guarantee system and the like, these contracts can only be regarded as intelligent application, can not be regarded as a separate block chain system, running an application requires a separate a support block chain system.
(2) side chain
Side chain is a kind of block chain system of cross-chain technology, this concept is mainly sponsored by the Bitcoin side chains, as technology development, in addition to Bitcoin, there has been an increasing number of block chain system, each such systems have their own advantages features, how to combine different chains, open up information silos, complement each other it?
Side chain technology is one of them. To Bitcoin, the Bitcoin system is mainly designed to encrypt digital currency, and the business logic are also cured, and therefore does not apply to the realization of other functions such as financial intelligence contracts, small quick payment, however bit currency is currently the largest public a block chain system, has a considerable advantage in terms of reliability, assurance to the center, then how to take advantage Bitcoin network to run another block chain system?
Can be considered on top of existing bitcoin block chain, to build a new block chain system, the new system may have the function of many Bitcoin is not such as private transactions, fast payouts, smart contract signature coverage amount, these use the new features and also created by Bitcoin network more other applications, and can interoperate with the main bitcoin block chain, simply put, is the side chain anchoring new bitcoin block chain based, Bitcoin side chain anchoring, there are BTCRelay, Rootstock and BlockStream chain ConsenSys like elements.
(3) interconnected chain
Once our computers are not networked, all software are stand-alone operation, I think that computer, but so is the ability to do work, play games like it, and later with the Internet, all kinds of fun, powerful application popping up, and now we can say that life has been almost inseparable from the Internet, and only one interconnection, bringing energy is so huge.
Block chain, too, present a variety of block chain systems are emerging, but rather to achieve a digital currency, some realized intelligent contracts, some realized financial trading platform, some of which are publicly owned chain, some league chain, etc. etc., etc., so many chains, colorful, different functions, a variety of new applications, the idea of brain-hole wide open, constantly refresh the more novel applications play.
So, if these chains can be interconnected systems will be what kind of chemical reaction between each other it? Unlike traditional software that blocks chain applications have unique properties, such data can not be tampered with, integrity proof, automatic network consensus, intelligent contracts, etc., from the initial digital currency to possible future programmable block chain community, these services not only change the way of life, but also to promote social change in governance structure, if each strand is a nerve, then, once interconnected, like the nervous system in general, it will bring to our social development update level of intelligence.
From a technical point of view, the interconnection between the block chain system, can complement each other, each type of system will have some strengths and shortcomings, complementary in function to each other, even each other can authenticate each other, can greatly strengthen reliability and performance of the system.
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