Linux- redirection, pipeline operators, wildcard escape character, environment variables

After learning linux common commands, we have to apply their knowledge! This blog will introduce how to linux common commands with them, where we assume that we have a common command well aware, I am not familiar with may concern, I see this blog Linux common commands .

First, the input and output redirection

Input redirection

Input redirection, is the file as input , the less work with.
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Output redirection

Output redirection is divided into two, one is a standard output redirection (STDOUT, file descriptor 1) , the other is the error output redirection (STDERR, file descriptor 2) .
The output of a command, the default output on the screen , when the command was executed normally, we call output to standard output , but not at the time when the command is executed, will complain, when we say content output for error output . As shown below:
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So, now the question is, we want to put these original to the content on the screen output to a file, then you need to re-locate the position of the output, that is, the so-called output redirection . Common redirect the output of the command is as follows:

command effect
Command> file The standard output file is written
Command 2> file The error output file is written without spaces and [2> between]
Command >> file The standard output is appended to the end of the file
2 file command >> The error output is appended to the end of the file without spaces between 2 and [>>]
Command >> file 2> & 1 or command file & >> The standard output and error output is appended to the end of the file

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Pipe command character (pipe symbol)

符号: | 【Shift + \】
作用:连接两个或者多个命令,如【命令A | 命令B | 命令C】
将前一个命令的输出,作为后一个命令的输入。
如:

  1. 找出所有被限制登录系统的用户,并统计该类用户数
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  2. 以分页方式查看/etc目录下的文件情况【Enter 下一行】
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  3. 重置root和abong的密码
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  4. 发送邮件给abong用户,将正文和标题打包并发送【邮件=对象+标题+正文】
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  5. 发送邮件给abong,输入正文,直到输入over才发送邮件
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通配符

通配符,常用于查找文件,进行模糊查询。常见的通配符:

通配符 作用
* 匹配0个或者多个字符
匹配单个字符
[0-9] 匹配0~9之间的单个数字的字符
[a-z] 匹配a~z之间的单个字母的字符
[A-Z] 匹配A~Z之间的单个字母的字符
[abc] 匹配a、b、c三个字符中的任意一个字符

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转义字符

在Linux中,提供了转义字符来处理特殊的输入数据。
常用的转义字符如下:

转义字符 作用
\ 【转义单个字符】反斜杠后面的变量变为单纯的字符,如\$Here Insert Picture Description
‘’ 【转义字符串】单引号,其中的变量变为单纯的字符串,如’\$$num’Here Insert Picture Description
“” 【不转义字符串】双引号,保留其中的变量属性,不进行转义Here Insert Picture Description
`` 反引号,返回反引号中命令的结果wc -l readme.txtHere Insert Picture Description

环境变量

1、在Linux中,变量是计算机系统用于保存可变值的数据类型。一般都是大写的。使用变量时要加$。而环境变量,是用来定义系统运行环境的一些参数。
2、可通过env命令查询系统的环境变量。也可以和我这样通过命令env | cut -d= -f1 | more翻页查看环境变量名
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3、PATH环境变量介绍
可通过以下两种方式查看PATH变量的值
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可以看到,PATH的值是5个目录。
PATH的作用:告诉Bash解释器(Shell解释器的一种)待执行的命令可能存放在哪个目录,然后Bash解释器就会逐个目录查找该命令,找到了,就执行该命令。
可以修改PATH的值,如添加目录
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4、命令的执行步骤

  • 判断命令是否以绝对路径或者相对路径执行,是的话,直接执行。
  • 若不是,则检查命令是否是“别名命令”,是的话,也直接执行。
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    定义别名alias 别名=命令
    取消别名unalias 别名
  • 若不是,则检查命令是内部命令还是外部命令。若是内部命令则直接执行。
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  • 若是外部命令,则在PATH环境变量所对应的目录中查找相应的命令名,找到再执行。否则不执行该命令。

注意:若PATH环境变量所对应的目录有根目录,则若是在根目录中存在与某些命令同名的木马文件,则在执行命令的时候即执行了这些木马文件,故不建议将根目录添加到PATH环境变量中。

5, the variable custom
user-defined variables can, usually uppercase defined. Custom Variables can be local, it may also be global.
Local variables : the user can use to create other users can not use.
Global variables : available to all users. [By export 变量名the local variable to a global variable] [may cause due to insufficient permissions ordinary users can not use]
users can 变量名 = 变量值define variables .
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After learning in this section, combined with linux commonly used commands, we have been able to understand and write more complex commands, come on, bear bloggers! ! !

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Origin blog.csdn.net/weixin_36522099/article/details/104380838