Python Web front-end overview

Web Front End Overview

Description: Some illustrations used herein, from Duckett Jon Mr. * HTML and CSS: Design and Build Websites * a book, this is a great front-end primer, interested readers can find the book on Amazon or other sites Buy link.

A brief history of HTML

  1. October 1991: an informal CERN ( European Center for Nuclear Research ) initial public files 18 HTML tags, the author of this document is to physicist Tim Berners - Lee , so he is the World Wide Web inventor, is the World Wide Web Union Chairman.
  2. November 1995: HTML 2.0 standard published (RFC 1866).
  3. January 1997: HTML 3.2 as a W3C released the recommended standard.
  4. December 1997: HTML 4.0 is published as a W3C Recommendation.
  5. December 1999: HTML4.01 published as a W3C Recommendation.
  6. January 2008: HTML5 published by the W3C as a working draft.
  7. May 2011: W3C HTML5 will advance to the "final solicit" (Last Call) stage.
  8. December 2012: W3C HTML5 designated as a "candidate recommendation" stage.
  9. October 2014: HTML5 W3C Recommendation as a stable release, which means that HTML5 standardization has been completed.

HTML5 new features

  1. Introducing native support for multimedia (audio and video labels)
  2. Introducing the programmable content (Canvas tag)
  3. Introducing Semantic Web (article, aside, details, figure, footer, header, nav, section, summary and other labels)
  4. Introduction of a new form controls (calendar, mail, search, sliders, etc.)
  5. Introducing better support for offline storage (localStorage and sessionStorage)
  6. The introduction of the positioning, drag and drop, WebSocket, background tasks such support

Use labels bearer content

structure

  • html
    • head
      • title
      • meta
    • body

text

  • Title (heading) and paragraph (paragraph)
    • h1 ~ h6
    • p
  • Superscript (Superscript) and subscript (subscript)
    • sup
    • sub
  • Blank (white spaces fold)
  • Wrapped (BREAK) and horizontal scale (horizontal ruler)
    • br
    • hr
  • Semantic tags
    • Bold and stressed - strong
    • Quote - blockquote
    • Abbreviations and acronyms - abbr / acronym
    • Citation - cite
    • Owner contact information - address
    • Modify the content - ins / del

List (list)

  • Ordered list (ordered list) - ol / li
  • Unordered list (unordered list) - ul / li
  • Definition list (definition list) - dl / dt / dd

Link (anchor)

  • Page links
  • Anchor link
  • Featured links

The image (image)

  • Image storage location

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  • And image width and height

  • Choose the right image format

    • JPEG
    • GIF
    • PNG
  • Vector

  • Semantic tags - figure / figcaption

Table (table)

  • The basic structure of a table - table / tr / td / th
  • The title of the table - caption
  • Interbank and cross-listed - rowspan attribute / colspan attribute
  • Long Form - thead / tbody / tfoot

Form (form)

  • Important attributes - action / method / enctype
  • Form controls (input) - type property
    • Text box - text / password box - password / digital box - number
    • E-mail - email / phone - tel / Date - date / slider - range / URL - url / search - search
    • Radio buttons - radio / check button - checkbox
    • File Upload - file / hidden field - hidden
    • Submit buttons - submit / Image button - image / Reset button - reset
  • Drop-down list - select / option
  • Text field (multi-line text) - textarea
  • Combination form elements - fieldset / legend

AV (audio / video)

  • Video formats and players
  • Video hosting service
  • Add video Preparations
  • video tags and attributes - autoplay / controls / loop / muted / preload / src
  • audio tags and attributes - autoplay / controls / loop / muted / preload / src / width / height / poster

Window (frame)

  • Frameset (outdated, not recommended) - frameset / frame

  • Inset window - iframe

other

  • Document Type

    <!doctype html>
    
    <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
    
    <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
    
  • Note

    <!-- 这是一段注释,注释不能够嵌套 -->
    
  • Attributes

    • id: a unique identification
    • class: class element belongs, used to distinguish different elements
    • title: (tooltip text appears when the mouse hovers) additional information elements
    • tabindex: Tab key switching order
    • contenteditable: whether the element is editable
    • draggable: whether the element draggable
  • Block elements / line level elements

  • Character entity (entity replacement character)

Use CSS to render the page

Brief introduction

  • CSS role

  • CSS works

  • Rules, properties and values

  • Common selector

Color (color)

  • How to specify color
  • The term color contrast and color
  • Background color

Text (text / font)

  • Text and font size (font-size / font-family)

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  • 粗细、样式、拉伸和装饰(font-weight / font-style / font-stretch / text-decoration)

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  • 行间距(line-height)、字母间距(letter-spacing)和单词间距(word-spacing)

  • 对齐(text-align)方式和缩进(text-ident)

  • 链接样式(:link / :visited / :active / :hover)

  • CSS3新属性

    • 阴影效果 - text-shadow
    • 首字母和首行文本(:first-letter / :first-line)
    • 响应用户

盒子(box model)

  • 盒子大小的控制(width / height)

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  • 盒子的边框、外边距和内边距(border / margin / padding)

    [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-XJuX2dbk-1581377967945)(./res/盒子模型.png)]

  • 盒子的显示和隐藏(display / visibility)

  • CSS3新属性

    • 边框图像(border-image)
    • 投影(border-shadow)
    • 圆角(border-radius)

列表、表格和表单

  • 列表的项目符号(list-style)
  • 表格的边框和背景(border-collapse)
  • 表单控件的外观
  • 表单控件的对齐
  • 浏览器的开发者工具

图像

  • 控制图像的大小(display: inline-block)
  • 对齐图像
  • 背景图像(background / background-image / background-repeat / background-position)

布局

  • 控制元素的位置(position / z-index)

    • 普通流
    • 相对定位
    • 绝对定位
    • 固定定位
    • 浮动元素(float / clear)
  • 网站布局

    • HTML5布局

  • 适配屏幕尺寸
    • 固定宽度布局
    • 流体布局
    • 布局网格

使用JavaScript控制行为

JavaScript基本语法

  • 语句和注释
  • 变量和数据类型
    • 声明和赋值
    • 简单数据类型和复杂数据类型
    • 变量的命名规则
  • 表达式和运算符
    • 赋值运算符
    • 算术运算符
    • 比较运算符
    • 逻辑运算符
  • 分支结构
    • if...else...
    • switch...cas...default...
  • 循环结构
    • for循环
    • while循环
    • do...while循环
  • 数组
    • 创建数组
    • 操作数组中的元素
  • 函数
    • 声明函数
    • 调用函数
    • 参数和返回值
    • 匿名函数
    • 立即调用函数

面向对象

  • 对象的概念
  • 创建对象的字面量语法
  • 访问成员运算符
  • 创建对象的构造函数语法
    • this关键字
  • 添加和删除属性
    • delete关键字
  • 标准对象
    • Number / String / Boolean / Symbol / Array / Function
    • Date / Error / Math / RegExp / Object / Map / Set
    • JSON / Promise / Generator / Reflect / Proxy

BOM

  • window对象的属性和方法
  • history对象
    • forward() / back() / go()
  • location对象
  • navigator对象
  • screen对象

DOM

  • DOM树
  • 访问元素
    • getElementById() / querySelector()
    • getElementsByClassName() / getElementsByTagName() / querySelectorAll()
    • parentNode / previousSibling / nextSibling / children / firstChild / lastChild
  • 操作元素
    • nodeValue
    • innerHTML / textContent / createElement() / createTextNode() / appendChild() / insertBefore() / removeChild()
    • className / id / hasAttribute() / getAttribute() / setAttribute() / removeAttribute()
  • 事件处理
    • 事件类型
      • UI事件:load / unload / error / resize / scroll
      • 键盘事件:keydown / keyup / keypress
      • 鼠标事件:click / dbclick / mousedown / mouseup / mousemove / mouseover / mouseout
      • 焦点事件:focus / blur
      • 表单事件:input / change / submit / reset / cut / copy / paste / select
    • 事件绑定
      • HTML事件处理程序(不推荐使用,因为要做到标签与代码分离)
      • 传统的DOM事件处理程序(只能附加一个回调函数)
      • 事件监听器(旧的浏览器中不被支持)
    • 事件流:事件捕获 / 事件冒泡
    • 事件对象(低版本IE中的window.event)
      • target(有些浏览器使用srcElement)
      • type
      • cancelable
      • preventDefault()
      • stopPropagation()(低版本IE中的cancelBubble)
    • 鼠标事件 - 事件发生的位置
      • 屏幕位置:screenXscreenY
      • 页面位置:pageXpageY
      • 客户端位置:clientXclientY
    • 键盘事件 - 哪个键被按下了
      • keyCode属性(有些浏览器使用which
      • String.fromCharCode(event.keyCode)
    • HTML5事件
      • DOMContentLoaded
      • hashchange
      • beforeunload

JavaScript API

  • 客户端存储 - localStoragesessionStorage

    localStorage.colorSetting = '#a4509b';
    localStorage['colorSetting'] = '#a4509b';
    localStorage.setItem('colorSetting', '#a4509b');
    
  • 获取位置信息 - geolocation

    navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition(function(pos) { 		  
        console.log(pos.coords.latitude)
        console.log(pos.coords.longitude)
    })
    
  • 从服务器获取数据 - Fetch API

  • 绘制图形 - <canvas>的API

  • 音视频 - <audio><video>的API

使用jQuery

jQuery概述

  1. Write Less Do More(用更少的代码来完成更多的工作)
  2. 使用CSS选择器来查找元素(更简单更方便)
  3. 使用jQuery方法来操作元素(解决浏览器兼容性问题、应用于所有元素并施加多个方法)

引入jQuery

  • 下载jQuery的开发版和压缩版
  • 从CDN加载jQuery
<script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script>
    window.jQuery || 
        document.write('<script src="js/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script>')
</script>

查找元素

  • 选择器
    • * / element / #id / .class / selector1, selector2
    • ancestor descendant / parent>child / previous+next / previous~siblings
  • 筛选器
    • 基本筛选器::not(selector) / :first / :last / :even / :odd / :eq(index) / :gt(index) / :lt(index) / :animated / :focus
    • 内容筛选器::contains(’…’) / :empty / :parent / :has(selector)
    • 可见性筛选器::hidden / :visible
    • 子节点筛选器::nth-child(expr) / :first-child / :last-child / :only-child
    • 属性筛选器:[attribute] / [attribute=‘value’] / [attribute!=‘value’] / [attribute^=‘value’] / [attribute$=‘value’] / [attribute|=‘value’] / [attribute~=‘value’]
  • 表单::input / :text / :password / :radio / :checkbox / :submit / :image / :reset / :button / :file / :selected / :enabled / :disabled / :checked

执行操作

  • 内容操作
    • 获取/修改内容:html() / text() / replaceWith() / remove()
    • 获取/设置元素:before() / after() / prepend() / append() / remove() / clone() / unwrap() / detach() / empty() / add()
    • 获取/修改属性:attr() / removeAttr() / addClass() / removeClass() / css()
    • 获取/设置表单值:val()
  • 查找操作
    • 查找方法:find() / parent() / children() / siblings() / next() / nextAll() / prev() / prevAll()
    • 筛选器:filter() / not() / has() / is() / contains()
    • 索引编号:eq()
  • 尺寸和位置
    • 尺寸相关:height() / width() / innerHeight() / innerWidth() / outerWidth() / outerHeight()
    • 位置相关:offset() / position() / scrollLeft() / scrollTop()
  • 特效和动画
    • 基本动画:show() / hide() / toggle()
    • 消失出现:fadeIn() / fadeOut() / fadeTo() / fadeToggle()
    • 滑动效果:slideDown() / slideUp() / slideToggle()
    • 自定义:delay() / stop() / animate()
  • 事件
    • 文档加载:ready() / load()
    • 用户交互:on() / off()

链式操作

检测页面是否可用

<script>
    $(document).ready(function() {
        
    });
</script>
<script>
    $(function() {
        
    });
</script>

jQuery插件

  • jQuery Validation
  • jQuery Treeview
  • jQuery Autocomplete
  • jQuery UI

避免和其他库的冲突

先引入其他库再引入jQuery的情况。

<script src="other.js"></script>
<script src="jquery.js"></script>
<script>
	jQuery.noConflict();
    jQuery(function() {
        jQuery('div').hide();
    });
</script>

先引入jQuery再引入其他库的情况。


<script src="jquery.js"></script>
<script src="other.js"></script>
<script>
    jQuery(function() {
        jQuery('div').hide();
    });
</script>

使用Ajax

Ajax是一种在无需重新加载整个网页的情况下,能够更新部分网页的技术。

  • 原生的Ajax
  • 基于jQuery的Ajax
    • 加载内容
    • 提交表单

前端框架

渐进式框架 - Vue.js

前后端分离开发(前端渲染)必选框架。

快速上手
  1. 引入Vue的JavaScript文件,我们仍然推荐从CDN服务器加载它。

    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/vue"></script>
    
  2. 数据绑定(声明式渲染 )。

    <div id="app">
    	<h1>{{ product }}库存信息</h1>
    </div>
    
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/vue"></script>
    <script>
    	const app = new Vue({
    		el: '#app',
    		data: {
    			product: 'iPhone X'
    		}
    	});
    </script>
    
  3. 条件与循环。

    <div id="app">
    	<h1>库存信息</h1>
        <hr>
    	<ul>
    		<li v-for="product in products">
    			{{ product.name }} - {{ product.quantity }}
    			<span v-if="product.quantity === 0">
    				已经售罄
    			</span>
    		</li>
    	</ul>
    </div>
    
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/vue"></script>
    <script>
    	const app = new Vue({
    		el: '#app',
    		data: {
    			products: [
    				{"id": 1, "name": "iPhone X", "quantity": 20},
    				{"id": 2, "name": "华为 Mate20", "quantity": 0},
    				{"id": 3, "name": "小米 Mix3", "quantity": 50}
    			]
    		}
    	});
    </script>
    
  4. 计算属性。

    <div id="app">
    	<h1>库存信息</h1>
    	<hr>
    	<ul>
    		<li v-for="product in products">
    			{{ product.name }} - {{ product.quantity }}
    			<span v-if="product.quantity === 0">
    				已经售罄
    			</span>
    		</li>
    	</ul>
    	<h2>库存总量:{{ totalQuantity }}台</h2>
    </div>
    
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/vue"></script>
    <script>
    	const app = new Vue({
    		el: '#app',
    		data: {
    			products: [
    				{"id": 1, "name": "iPhone X", "quantity": 20},
    				{"id": 2, "name": "华为 Mate20", "quantity": 0},
    				{"id": 3, "name": "小米 Mix3", "quantity": 50}
    			]
    		},
    		computed: {
    			totalQuantity() {
    				return this.products.reduce((sum, product) => {
    					return sum + product.quantity
    				}, 0);
    			}
    		}
    	});
    </script>
    
  5. 处理事件。

    <div id="app">
    	<h1>库存信息</h1>
    	<hr>
    	<ul>
    		<li v-for="product in products">
    			{{ product.name }} - {{ product.quantity }}
    			<span v-if="product.quantity === 0">
    				已经售罄
    			</span>
    			<button @click="product.quantity += 1">
    				增加库存
    			</button>
    		</li>
    	</ul>
    	<h2>库存总量:{{ totalQuantity }}台</h2>
    </div>
    
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/vue"></script>
    <script>
    	const app = new Vue({
    		el: '#app',
    		data: {
    			products: [
    				{"id": 1, "name": "iPhone X", "quantity": 20},
    				{"id": 2, "name": "华为 Mate20", "quantity": 0},
    				{"id": 3, "name": "小米 Mix3", "quantity": 50}
    			]
    		},
    		computed: {
    			totalQuantity() {
    				return this.products.reduce((sum, product) => {
    					return sum + product.quantity
    				}, 0);
    			}
    		}
    	});
    </script>
    
  6. 用户输入。

    <div id="app">
    	<h1>库存信息</h1>
    	<hr>
    	<ul>
    		<li v-for="product in products">
    			{{ product.name }} - 
    			<input type="number" v-model.number="product.quantity" min="0">
    			<span v-if="product.quantity === 0">
    				已经售罄
    			</span>
    			<button @click="product.quantity += 1">
    				增加库存
    			</button>
    		</li>
    	</ul>
    	<h2>库存总量:{{ totalQuantity }}台</h2>
    </div>
    
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/vue"></script>
    <script>
    	const app = new Vue({
    		el: '#app',
    		data: {
    			products: [
    				{"id": 1, "name": "iPhone X", "quantity": 20},
    				{"id": 2, "name": "华为 Mate20", "quantity": 0},
    				{"id": 3, "name": "小米 Mix3", "quantity": 50}
    			]
    		},
    		computed: {
    			totalQuantity() {
    				return this.products.reduce((sum, product) => {
    					return sum + product.quantity
    				}, 0);
    			}
    		}
    	});
    </script>
    
  7. 通过网络加载JSON数据。

    <div id="app">
    	<h2>库存信息</h2>
    	<ul>
    		<li v-for="product in products">
    			{{ product.name }} - {{ product.quantity }}
    			<span v-if="product.quantity === 0">
    				已经售罄
    			</span>
    		</li>
    	</ul>
    </div>
    
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/vue"></script>
    <script>
    	const app = new Vue({
    		el: '#app',
    		data: {
    			products: []
    		},
    		created() {
    			fetch('https://jackfrued.top/api/products')
    				.then(response => response.json())
    				.then(json => {
    					this.products = json
    				});
    		}
    	});
    </script>
    
使用脚手架 - vue-cli

Vue为商业项目开发提供了非常便捷的脚手架工具vue-cli,通过工具可以省去手工配置开发环境、测试环境和运行环境的步骤,让开发者只需要关注要解决的问题。

  1. 安装脚手架。
  2. 创建项目。
  3. 安装依赖包。
  4. 运行项目。

UI框架 - Element

基于Vue 2.0的桌面端组件库,用于构造用户界面,支持响应式布局。

  1. 引入Element的CSS和JavaScript文件。

    <!-- 引入样式 -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://unpkg.com/element-ui/lib/theme-chalk/index.css">
    <!-- 引入组件库 -->
    <script src="https://unpkg.com/element-ui/lib/index.js"></script>
    
  2. 一个简单的例子。

    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html>
    	<head>
    		<meta charset="UTF-8">
    		<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://unpkg.com/element-ui/lib/theme-chalk/index.css">
    	</head>
    	<body>
    		<div id="app">
    			<el-button @click="visible = true">点我</el-button>
    			<el-dialog :visible.sync="visible" title="Hello world">
    				<p>开始使用Element吧</p>
    			</el-dialog>
                </div>
    	</body>
    	<script src="https://unpkg.com/vue/dist/vue.js"></script>
    	<script src="https://unpkg.com/element-ui/lib/index.js"></script>
    	<script>
    		new Vue({
    			el: '#app',
    			data: {
    				visible: false,
    			}
    		})
    	</script>
    </html>
    
  3. 使用组件。

    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html>
    	<head>
    		<meta charset="UTF-8">
    		<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://unpkg.com/element-ui/lib/theme-chalk/index.css">
    	</head>
    	<body>
    		<div id="app">
    			<el-table :data="tableData" stripe style="width: 100%">
    				<el-table-column prop="date" label="日期" width="180">
    				</el-table-column>
    				<el-table-column prop="name" label="姓名" width="180">
    				</el-table-column>
    				<el-table-column prop="address" label="地址">
    				</el-table-column>
    			</el-table>
    		</div>
    	</body>
    	<script src="https://unpkg.com/vue/dist/vue.js"></script>
    	<script src="https://unpkg.com/element-ui/lib/index.js"></script>
    	<script>
    		new Vue({
    			el: '#app',
    			data: {
    				tableData:  [
    					{
    						date: '2016-05-02',
    						name: '王一霸',
    						address: '上海市普陀区金沙江路 1518 弄'
    					}, 
    					{
    						date: '2016-05-04',
    						name: '刘二狗',
    						address: '上海市普陀区金沙江路 1517 弄'
    					}, 
    					{
    						date: '2016-05-01',
    						name: '杨三萌',
    						address: '上海市普陀区金沙江路 1519 弄'
    					}, 
    					{
    						date: '2016-05-03',
    						name: '陈四吹',
    						address: '上海市普陀区金沙江路 1516 弄'
    					}
    				]
    			}
    		})
    	</script>
    </html>
    

报表框架 - ECharts

百度出品的开源可视化库,常用于生成各种类型的报表。

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-S6F9OVr6-1581377967946)(./res/baidu_echarts.png)]

基于弹性盒子的CSS框架 - Bulma

Bulma是一个基于Flexbox的现代化的CSS框架,其初衷就是移动优先(Mobile First),模块化设计,可以轻松用来实现各种简单或者复杂的内容布局,即使不懂CSS的开发者也能够使用它定制出漂亮的页面。

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
	<meta charset="UTF-8">
	<title>Bulma</title>
	<link href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bulma/0.7.4/css/bulma.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
	<style type="text/css">
		div { margin-top: 10px; }
		.column { color: #fff; background-color: #063; margin: 10px 10px; text-align: center; }
	</style>
</head>
<body>
	<div class="columns">
		<div class="column">1</div>
		<div class="column">2</div>
		<div class="column">3</div>
		<div class="column">4</div>
	</div>
	<div>
		<a class="button is-primary">Primary</a>
		<a class="button is-link">Link</a>
		<a class="button is-info">Info</a>
		<a class="button is-success">Success</a>
		<a class="button is-warning">Warning</a>
		<a class="button is-danger">Danger</a>
	</div>
	<div>
		<progress class="progress is-danger is-medium" max="100">60%</progress>
	</div>
	<div>
		<table class="table is-hoverable">
			<tr>
				<th>One</th>
				<th>Two</th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>Three</td>
				<td>Four</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>Five</td>
				<td>Six</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>Seven</td>
				<td>Eight</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>Nine</td>
				<td>Ten</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>Eleven</td>
				<td>Twelve</td>
			</tr>
		</table>
	</div>
</body>
</html>

响应式布局框架 - Bootstrap

用于快速开发Web应用程序的前端框架,支持响应式布局。

  1. 特点

    • 支持主流的浏览器和移动设备
    • 容易上手
    • 响应式设计
  2. 内容

    • 网格系统
    • 封装的CSS
    • 现成的组件
    • JavaScript插件
  3. 可视化


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Origin blog.csdn.net/weixin_41818794/article/details/104257969