Introduction to Bird Brother Linux private kitchens notebook computer (basic knowledge)

1. Five computer unit comprises: an input unit, an output unit, a control unit, an arithmetic logic unit, a memory unit (memory and secondary storage on diskette, CD-ROM).
2. A central processing unit (CPU) comprising a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit.
3. Data flows into or out of the CPU memory control command is issued, and CPU data to be actually processed is entirely from the memory.
4. CPU into reduced instruction set (RISC) and complex instruction set (CISC) systems in accordance with the design concept.
5. Frequency on the CPU: FSB refers to the speed at which the CPU and the external data transmission assembly, the multiplier is a multiple of the internal CPU to accelerate the performance of work, it is multiplied by both the CPU clock speed.
6. The new CPU design has the Northbridge memory controller chip integrated into the CPU. CPU and graphics, a communication memory bus is called the system bus , and a south bridge hard disk, USB, a communication card is called a bus input-output (I / O) bus .
7. Each CPU can handle the amount of data is called the word length , word length based on the CPU design 32-bit and 64-bit, we often say that the computer is a 32-bit or 64-bit main basis for this CPU is parsed word came.
8. The main components of the personal computer memory is a dynamic random access memory (Dynamic Random Access Memory, DRAM) , the CPU internal cache using two SRAM (Static Random Access Memory, SRAM) .

ps: Why have two internal CPU cache, because all the data are to be processed from the CPU memory, and some data to be used frequently, and CPU to memory or to pass between the memory controller, which would make low efficiency, Therefore, the CPU has two internal cache is used to cache a program or data. CPU reads this data would not have to go re-read the memory.

ps: Why use secondary cache SRAM, because the secondary cache to be integrated into the internal CPU, memory, so this will speed the same as the frequency of the CPU, a DRAM reach this speed, the SRAM transistors are relatively more quickly, more expensive, and difficult to make a large capacity, it is suitable as an SRAM by CPU internal cache.

9. BIOS (Basic Input Output System) is a program that hardcoded into a memory chip on the motherboard, the memory chip can also record data in the absence of power, which is a read only memory (Read Only Memory, ROM) .
10. Current mainstream add-in cards are mostly interface PCIe interface , and is the latest PCIe 3.0, single channel speeds of up to 1GB / s.
11. Common card connected to the interface on the screen HDMI, DVI, D-Sub, DisplayPort, etc., HDMI video and audio may be transmitted simultaneously.
12. Traditional hard drives consisting of: a spindle motor, a disc, a mechanical arm, a magnetic head. Wherein the disc is composed of: sectors, tracks, cylinders.
13. Interface mainstream disk is connected to the motherboard SATA or SAS, currently a desktop pc for the mainstream SATA 3.0.
14. Common character encoding ASCII, Simplified Chinese coding have GB2312 and UTF-8, mainstream-8 to UTF .
15. OS (Operating System, OS) is actually a set of programs, this program focuses on group management of all hardware drivers for all the operating systems and computers in.
16. The most common operating system only in driving and management of hardware, while the hardware you want to use, you need to use software program or shell (shell to call the operating system to operate the hardware work) function. Currently known as the operating system in addition to the driver and management of hardware also includes the application software included.
17. Operating systems include: the operating system kernel (Kernel) and system calls . System call will be available to a programmer application programming interfaces (Application Programming Interface, API) to facilitate the development of software , without referring to the kernel parameters.
18. The operating system kernel level direct written reference hardware specifications, it is not possible to run the same operating system program in a different hardware architecture.

For example: Windows 10 does not run directly on the ARM architecture (phone and tablet) computer.

19. Application development API reference is provided by the operating system, the application can only run under the operating system.
20. CMOS is recorded in the hardware parameters and the above board embedded memory, since the power required for recording data, so there will be a button cell PC, the data read by the CMOS and update the BIOS program, write the BIOS death to a memory chip on the motherboard, the memory chip can also record data without power, which is a read only memory (ROM) but the development of the computer, the BIOS program code requires appropriate modification, so now the BIOS They are written in a similar flash memory or EEPROM.
21. BIOS firmware is written to a motherboard (firmware is written to a software program on the hardware), but also a lot of firmware ROM to use for writing. So there will be a lot of hardware on top of ROM to store firmware.