Optional new feature of JDK1.8

concept

Optional It is a JDK1.8 appearing container class , a value representative of the presence or absence. The original use null to represent a value does not exist, now Optional can better express this concept. And avoid a null pointer exception.

Scene analysis

Demand : If we want to take a man the hearts of the goddess 's name .

If you do not use Optional to achieve

Man Man.java

public class Man {

    private Goddess goddess;

    public Goddess getGoddess() {
        return goddess;
    }

    public void setGoddess(Goddess goddess) {
        this.goddess = goddess;
    }
}    

Goddess Goddess.java

public class Goddess {

    private String name;

    public Goddess(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }
}

Test class Main.java

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Man man = new Man();
        System.out.println(getGoddessOfMan(man));
    }

    // 获取男人心中的女神
    public static String getGoddessOfMan(Man man) {
        return man.getGoddess().getName();
    }
}

Abnormal:

If you look at the contents of the error, we can know that man.getGoddess().getName();this statement null pointer exception occurred, but we need further positioning in order to know whether man is null, or goddess is null ?

We can rewrite the test class code to avoid this exception

// 获取男人心中的女神
public static String getGoddessOfMan(Man man) {
    if (man == null || man.getGoddess() == null) {
        return "";
    }
    return man.getGoddess().getName();
}

If you spend Optional to achieve

Rewrite Man.java

public class Man {

    private Optional<Goddess> goddess = Optional.empty();

    public Optional<Goddess> getGoddess() {
        return goddess;
    }

    public void setGoddess(Optional<Goddess> goddess) {
        this.goddess = goddess;
    }
}

Goddess.java not rewrite

Rewrite the test class Main.java

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Man man = new Man();
        System.out.println(getGoddessOfMan(Optional.ofNullable(man)));
        man = null;
        System.out.println(getGoddessOfMan(Optional.ofNullable(man)));
    }

    // 获取男人心中的女神
    public static String getGoddessOfMan(Optional<Man> optionalMan) {
        return optionalMan.orElse(new Man()).getGoddess().orElse(new Goddess("蒙娜丽莎")).getName();
    }
}

Console print out

Mona Lisa
Mona Lisa

In fact, it did not appear to save a few lines of code thing? So we then analyze Optional class down.

Optional analysis container class

1.Optional creation method

Optional the core and unique property is T value.
In addition, since the Optional constructors have been privatized, it can only create Optional objects through static methods.

1.1 static creation methods of (T t) --- does not allow parameter is null

Test code below, we try to pass a parameter nullto the of(T t)method, the results wereNullPointerException

// of方法会判断参数是否为null,如果为null,会报空指针异常
Optional<Goddess> op = Optional.of(null);

Our in-depth java.util.Optionalsource code

public static <T> Optional<T> of(T value) {
        return new Optional<>(value);
}

private Optional(T value) {
   this.value = Objects.requireNonNull(value);
}

再追踪到java.util.Objects的源代码

public static <T> T requireNonNull(T obj) {
    if (obj == null)
        throw new NullPointerException();
    return obj;
}

1.2 静态创建方法empty() --- 创建一个value=null的Optional容器对象

再看java.util.Optionalempty(),返回一个成员变量value为null的Optional容器对象

private static final Optional<?> EMPTY = new Optional<>();

public static<T> Optional<T> empty() {
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    Optional<T> t = (Optional<T>) EMPTY;
    return t;
}

1.3 静态创建方法ofNullable(T t) --- 允许参数为null

仍然看java.util.Optional的源代码,ofNullable表示可以接受null,并使用empty()返回。也接受参数value不为null,使用of(T t)返回。

public static <T> Optional<T> ofNullable(T value) {
    return value == null ? empty() : of(value);
}

2.Optional的判断和获取 --- 先使用isPresent()判断,再使用get()获取

测试代码如下

import java.util.Optional;

public class OptionalTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Optional<Goddess> op = Optional.of(new Goddess("蒙娜丽莎"));
        if (op.isPresent()) {
            System.out.println(op.get().getName());
        }
        
       
        Optional<Goddess> empty = Optional.ofNullable(null);
        // 先通过isPresent()判断,再使用get()来避免直接使用empty.get().getName()可能带来NoSuchElementException异常
        // if (empty.isPresent()) {
            System.out.println(empty.get().getName());
        // }
    }
}

控制台输出如下

蒙娜丽莎
Exception in thread "main" java.util.NoSuchElementException: No value present
at java.util.Optional.get(Optional.java:135)
at optional.OptionalTest.main(OptionalTest.java:15)

从控制台输出我们可以知道,在使用get()方法之前,最好先用isPresent()判断Optional中的成员变量value值是否存在。

3.把判断代码放在Optional类内的方法

3.2 orElse

方法 描述
T orElse(T other) 表示如果调用该方法的Optional对象的成员变量value不为null则返回value,否则返回other
T orElseGet(Supplier<T> supplier) 表示如果调用该方法的Optional对象的成员变量value不为null则返回value,否则用Supplier生成一个用于返回的T对象
T orElseThrow(Supplier<? extends X> exceptionSupplier) 表示如果调用该方法的Optional对象的成员变量value不为null则返回value,否则用Supplier生成一个用于抛出的异常对象

我们看可以查看一下java.util.Optional源码

public T orElse(T other) {
    return value != null ? value : other;
}

public T orElseGet(Supplier<? extends T> other) {
    return value != null ? value : other.get();
}

public <X extends Throwable> T orElseThrow(Supplier<? extends X> exceptionSupplier) throws X {
    if (value != null) {
        return value;
    } else {
        throw exceptionSupplier.get();
    }
}

3.3 剩下的成员方法

方法 如果参数为null 如果成员变量valuenull 如果成员变量value不为null
Optional<T> filter(Predicate<? super T> predicate) 抛出NullPointerException 返回empty() 如果predicate.test(T t)true,返回当前对象,否则返回empty()
Optional<U> map(Function<? super T, ? extends U> mapper) 抛出NullPointerException 返回empty() 转换T为U,再返回Optional.ofNullable(U)
Optional<U> flatMap(Function<? super T, Optional<U>> mapper) 抛出NullPointerException 返回empty() 转换T为Optional<U>,转换后的对象如果为null,抛出NullPointerException

测试代码

import java.util.Optional;

public class OptionalTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Optional<Goddess> op = Optional.of(new Goddess("蒙娜丽莎"));
        Optional<Goddess> nullOp = Optional.ofNullable(null);
        // 如果女神名称不为null,filter返回op,否则返回empty()
        System.out.println(op.filter(goddess->goddess.getName() != null).isPresent());
        System.out.println(nullOp.filter(goddess->goddess.getName() != null).isPresent());
        // 映射返回女神名称
        System.out.println(op.map(Goddess::getName).get());
        System.out.println(nullOp.map(Goddess::getName).isPresent());
        // 映射返回装有女神名称的Optional容器对象
        System.out.println(op.flatMap(goddess->Optional.ofNullable(goddess.getName())).get());
        System.out.println(nullOp.flatMap(goddess->Optional.ofNullable(goddess.getName())).isPresent());
    }
}

控制台输出如下:

true
false
蒙娜丽莎
false
蒙娜丽莎
false

再来看一下java.util.Optional源码

public Optional<T> filter(Predicate<? super T> predicate) {
    Objects.requireNonNull(predicate);
    if (!isPresent())
        return this;
    else
    return predicate.test(value) ? this : empty();
}

public<U> Optional<U> map(Function<? super T, ? extends U> mapper) {
    Objects.requireNonNull(mapper);
    if (!isPresent())
        return empty();
    else {
        return Optional.ofNullable(mapper.apply(value));
    }
}

public<U> Optional<U> flatMap(Function<? super T, Optional<U>> mapper) {
    Objects.requireNonNull(mapper);
    if (!isPresent())
        return empty();
    else {
        return Objects.requireNonNull(mapper.apply(value));
    }
}

结语:回到最初的需求

假如我们扩展一下我们的需求

定义一个方法,获取男人心中的女神,要求男人不存在时抛出异常,如果男人存在,但是这个男人没有女神,那么给一个默认的女神名字-蒙娜丽莎

import java.util.Optional;

public class GetGoddessOfMan {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Man man = new Man();
        System.out.println(getGoddessOfMan(Optional.ofNullable(man)));
        man = null;
        System.out.println(getGoddessOfMan(Optional.ofNullable(man)));
    }

    // 获取男人心中的女神
    public static String getGoddessOfMan(Optional<Man> optionalMan) {
        return optionalMan.orElseThrow(NullPointerException::new).getGoddess().orElse(new Goddess("蒙娜丽莎")).getName();
    }
}

这里就比较简洁了,一句话就反映出了需求,且更接近自然语言。如果要用非Optional实现,代码类似下面这种

// 获取男人心中的女神
public static String getGoddessOfMan(Man man) {
    Objects.requireNonNull(man);
    Goddess goddess = man.getGoddess() == null ? new Goddess("蒙娜丽莎") : man.getGoddess();
    return goddess.getName();
}

不过很多小伙伴还是会觉得这个写法看上去有些奇怪。在其他JDK1.8的新特性中,比如Stream流中也有返回Optional<T>的函数,比如Optional<T> findFirst();,Optional<T> findAny();,Optional<T> max(Comparator<? super T> comparator), Optional<T> min(Comparator<? super T> comparator);等等

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Origin www.cnblogs.com/zaid/p/12001384.html