A, Welcome to Class (welcome to come to class):
. 1, My. Goal with the this Course, IS to look AT How at The Internet and world Wide Web Came to BE And How IT Works ON at The Inside, not from A Programming or Technical Perspective by But to simply examine it.
I offer lessons of this purpose it is to let everyone know to understand the birth of the Internet and the World Wide Web, a simple understanding of how they work, rather than study them from a program or technology.
2, We need to hear from these innovators and listen critically, and construct our own views of the very complex process that resulted in the Internet that we see and use today. And once we understand this in more detail, perhaps together we'll be in a better position to imagine what our future might hold and what it will take to invent new ways to connect people, information, and technology.
we need to listen critically about those innovators, and those gradually make up our current see the Internet used by the complex process of establishing their own point of view. And when we have a deeper understanding of the whole process, we may be better able to look to the future, thinking if the person creating the connection, information technology and new methods.
二、High Stakes Research in Computing, and Communication（计算机和通信领域的高风险研究）：
1、I mean computing started, you know, early with abacuses and humans but, we're going to start with the moment that electronic computing, in particular because it was the moment when computing and communication were sort of co-born at the same time. And communication before the Internet became normal. Then early Internet research and then the Internet itself that was academia and then of course for went out into the real world. And then the web, which really took all this connectivity and made it easy to use for everybody. It's really what our view now of this network is, very much through the web. And then from that point forward we look at sort of the commercialization of it and the ubiquity of it and the widespread use of it.
I mean, you know, in the early abacus calculation and humans, but from the moment we calculated the electronic start (talk), especially since this is almost the same time the birth of computing and communication time. Communication is very common before the Internet, and then by the early Internet research, academia itself to the Internet, then walked to the real world. After the network took almost all of the connections and everyone can easily use it. We now think of the network, we are to a large extent through the network (to know). Then from that point of view, we look at its commercialization, its universality and its wide range of applications.
2, War, of course, is terrible but it does cause governments to fear for their lives and invest heavily, very heavily in research. And so we, in some sense, even though war is a terrible thing, we sort of benefit from the extensive research. They were trying to solve wartime problems, but they ultimately solved problems that have changed our peacetime world in wonderful ways.
that war is terrible, but somehow, we get the benefit from the expansion of the research. They tried to solve the problem of the war, but ultimately wonderful way to solve these problems changed the world we peacetime.
3, So the BOMBE was a powerful mechanical computer. The Colossus was a powerful electronic computer. But I have this picture, it was drawn by an artist for me. And in addition to showcasing, sort of, the moment where a mechanical computer, no matter how hard you tried, would not work fast enough, and the electronic computer was sort of forcefully created out of a tremendous need
so BOMBE is a powerful mechanical computer, Colossus is a powerful computer. But I have this picture, it is my painting of the artist. Another shows a mechanical computer, no matter how hard, are not fast enough. Computer can be said that the huge demand product of birth.
Three, Alan Turing and Bletchley Park (Alan Turing and Bletchley Parker):
.. 1, the In MANY Ways, to Bletchley Park WAS AN Early Version of A Multidisciplinary OF S. Center, much like the CERN or the NCSA IS Brilliant Many people Today , with different skills and backgrounds, were brought together to solve difficult problems. The combination of the skills and collaborative environment resulted not in just solving the problems of cryptography that they were facing, but in addition solved broader problems for all of computing and all of society.
in many ways, the early Bletchley Park are multi-sectoral research institutions, like today's European nuclear research institutes and NASA. Those smart people have different abilities and backgrounds are brought together to solve problems. Integration and cooperation in an inclusive environment these capabilities, not only to solve the problems they face cryptography, and additionally addresses the broader study on computing and social issues.
2, But these machines, these valves at the back, do act as a store, in the sense of counters, and they're actually counting the score that we're actually getting each pass through the algorithm.
But these machines, behind these tubes, from the sense counter point of view, does play a role in storage, they actually calculate the score, we are actually algorithmically.
四、Post-War Computing and Communication（战后计算与通信）：
1、But the folks that had built all these things for wartime purposes switched and moved into academic and peacetime purposes. And so they built, I mean if you think about it, they had less pressure but they already know it's feasible and they can kind of sit back and relax and go like ok, that would be a little better, we kind of compromised there. So they built some really elegant computers. And you know, they can all sort of fight over who's the first. But ultimately, they all pretty much came out very quickly, one after another, cause the idea had escaped. And so this is the beginning of sort of electronic computation.
Those who built for wartime purposes of these things, have devoted themselves to academic or other peaceful purpose. But they will make, if not so much pressure, and they have the experience to know what works, you can sit down and fine wondering, the whole process will become, so you can, that would be a little better. They seek balance, and thus create a number of simple, elegant computer, but we can imagine that they who would be first quarreling, with the last series of these machines are available, these ideas are spread the originating computer basically is like this.
2, The fact that electricity can be used to represent data, and that it can be used to change data very rapidly as compared to other things that used physical storage for computer information. So this was a great time. Electronic computation from the specialized to the general-purpose and these people really built some exciting computers, many of the architectures of which are kind of still sort of with us. A lot of the architectures were innovative, the innovative architectures that we still use today were conceived and imagined there.
Electronic only be used to represent the data, and faster switching speed as compared with the physical information is stored. It was a great era, from the development of specialized computer use to the general. A number of these artificial beautiful computer, many computer architectures in use today, a lot of innovative architecture is conceived in that period out.
3、And then more rarely, you had computer-to-computer connections using what are called leased lines. These leased lines were very expensive. They were kind of like making a long distance phone call 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. They were rarely used in academic situations because they were so expensive. It was more common for a bank to use them to, say, move all their data from their branch locations to a central location once a day. They were generally slow, and very expensive, and they were justifiable in certain situations. And so that's kind of how our world was. We had something on our desk, and then we used that to connect through the phone lines to a central computer that was shared with many different people. We called it time share.
Achieved through a leased line directly connected computer is very rare. Leased lines are expensive, they cost just call 24 hours a day for 7 days of long distance calls. This model is too expensive, academia basic need. Bank'd prefer this model, bringing together all the data they want a sub-center to center, the data transmission will gradually slow down over time, the costs are followed up, in these cases with a direct connection mode is more reasonable . Previous basic is like this, we put on the table a machine, and then connect to a central computer can be shared with different people over the phone line, called time-sharing.
Five, Using the Michigan Terminal System (terminal system using Michigan): slightly.
Six, Wrap up and Reflection (summary and reflection):
So I just wanted to give you a sense of the what the end user's experience of using computation and communication in the 60s and the early 70s was. Like I said, this was a fun time. If you can't communicate to people thousands of miles away and all of a sudden this gadget on your desk allows you to do it, even if it's gigantic and even if it makes a lot of noise it's still impressive and it still changes how you view the universe, right? The fact that your colleagues can be taken through this keyboard. And your colleagues are on the other side of this keyboard. That is a transformative notion even if the technology these days seems very crude. And we went through a lot of hoops, because computers were expensive, and rare, and had to be heavily shared to justify their costs. And so in the next lecture, we're going to start seeing how we improved how we could share equipment, and make the sharing not require direct dial-up the way it was in the earliest days where you, if you wanted to talk to a computer a thousand miles away, you had to pay for a long distance call. So that we're looking at how to make connections permanent so that we can use these things a little more naturally without such great expense.
I want to tell you, the use of computing and communications in the 1960s to the early 1970s, the end user what kind of experience a. Like I said, this is very interesting. If you can not be thousands of miles away from the exchange between a sudden, on your desk means it enables you to do this. Although it is huge, although it will make a loud noise, but it is still impressive, change your view of the world, is not it? Your colleagues can bring this keyboard to be elsewhere, then your colleagues in the other side of the keyboard. This is a revolutionary concept, even if the technology today appears to be very rough. We much fried, because the computer is very expensive and rare, it is necessary to make a lot of their share of the cost is worth it. The next lesson we will look at how we can improve it, how we can share equipment, so share no direct dialing. In the first period, and if you want thousand miles computer dialogue, you have to pay for the long-distance call, so we are looking at how to create a permanent link, we do not have to spend a lot of money to use them more naturally.