Chapter XII Information System
1. Information Management
Information Systems: Software to help us organize and analyze data.
The three most popular general application of information systems:
- Spreadsheets
- Database Management Systems
- E-commerce
2. spreadsheet
Spreadsheet : allowing the user to program the cell with a tissue and analyzing data.
Cells : the spreadsheet for storing the element data or formulas.
== == spreadsheet formulas
spreadsheet functions : spreadsheet software may be used to provide a calculation function of publicity.
Range : The endpoint is assigned a contiguous set of cells.
Common spreadsheet functions:
| function | Compute |
|---|---|
| SUM(val1,val2,...)/SUM(range) | A specified set of values and |
| COUNT(val1,val2...)/COUNT(range) | The number of non-empty cells |
| MAX(val1,val2,...)/MAX(range) | A set of maximum values specified in the |
| SIN (angle) | Sine of the specified angle |
| PI() | The value of Π |
| STDEV(val1,val2,...)/STDEV(range) | Standard specifies a sample value difference |
| TODAY | Today's date |
| LEFT(text,num_chars) | Specifies the text of the leftmost character |
| IF(test,true_val,false_val) | If the test is true, then return true_val, otherwise false_val |
| ISBLANK(value) | If the value specified is an empty reference cell, return true |
== == recycling
recycling : a set of equations to be interdependent error in the calculation results.
== == analysis spreadsheet
simulation assumes Analysis : modify the values in the spreadsheet represents a hypothesis in order to observe changes in the assumptions of the relevant data are affected.
3. Database Management System
Constitution :
- Collection of files to store data of physical database ----
- The database engine ---- support to access and modify the contents of the database software
- Statute database logical structure data stored in the pattern database ----
Database : structured data set.
Database management system : a combination of software and data composed of physical database, the database engine and database schema.
Query : requests to retrieve data from the database.
Mode : statute logical structure data in the database.
== == relational model
relational model : database model with relationships between tables to organize data and data.
Table : A collection of database records.
Record (or object entity) : composed of a set of entities associated database fields.
Domain (or property) : the value of a database record.
Key : one or more domains of all records in the table that uniquely identifies a record in the database.
== == relations
== == Structured Query Language
Structured Query Language: Language for an integrated relational database management and query data.
Query
Example:
Query Moive the table all the rating for the movies list names of PG
select Title from Moive where Rating = ' PG'
queries Customer table, all the customer's name and address
select Name, Address from Customer
inquiry Movie table Genre attribute contains the word All the action attribute record
select * from Moive where Genre like ' % action%'
Modify the contents of the database
In the Customer table insert a new record specified attributes
insert into Customer values (9876, ' John Smith', '602 Greenbriar Count', '2938 3212 3402 0299')
the movie Unbreakable Genre attribute to the Drama Thriller
Update the SET Movie genre = 'thriller drama'where title =' Unbreakable '
== == database design,
entity-relationship (ER) modeling : common methods of relational database design.
ER diagram : Graphical representation of the ER model.
Cardinality constraints: In the ER diagram, a number of relationships may exist between entities.
General cardinality of the relationship:
- One to One
- Many
- Many to many
4. E-commerce
E-commerce: the process of using the World Wide Web the sale of goods and services.
summary
- Information system is to allow users to organize and manage data applications.
- Spreadsheet software is used to organize the cells for data applications and new value calculation formula.
- Spreadsheet versatility and scalability.
- Database management system for storing data files including physical, logical layout of the database schema supports data access and modify the software as well as the specified database.
- The relationship between database elements can be represented in the new tables that also have their own attributes.
- Structured Query Language (SQL) is a query language for relational databases and operating.
- The database must be carefully designed.
- E-commerce is the process of buying and selling over the Internet services.
Chapter 13 Artificial Intelligence
13.1 Thinking Machine
Artificial Intelligence: Research on human subjects thought modeling and application of human intelligence computer system
== == 13.1.1 Turing test
a behavioral method for a computer system to determine whether it is intelligent
weak equivalence : equivalence of two systems based on the result of
the strong equivalence: two processing systems and methods based on the result of equivalence achieve this result
bot: a program for performing the interactive
== 13.1.2 AI == various aspects of the problem
13.2 Knowledge Representation
Knowledge Representation: used to represent knowledge so that the computer system can be used to solve the technical problem of intelligent
== == 13.2.1 Semantic Web
Semantic Web: the relationship between objects represent knowledge representation
== 13.2.2 search tree = =
search tree: where antagonism represents all selected (e.g., game) in the structure of
the depth-first method: the priority retrieval downwardly along a path tree, instead of the priority of each lateral retrieval method retrieves
a breadth-first method: the priority search tree lateral each layer, rather than preferentially retrieve downwardly particular path search method
13.3 expert system
knowledge-based systems: the use of specific software collection of information
expert system: a human expert knowledge based software system
rule-based system: a set of if-then rules-based software system
inference engine: handling rules to draw conclusions software
13.4 neural network
artificial neural network: trying to mimic human neural network computer knowledge representation
effective right: artificial neurons of the input values and the corresponding rights and the product of
training: adjust the weights and thresholds of neural network to achieve the desired results the process of
13.5 Natural Language Processing
Speech Recognition: use computers to recognize human words spoken
natural language understanding: using a computer to make a reasonable explanation of the message conveyed by the human
voice synthesis: the human voice to create a computer
natural language: the language of communication for people , such as English
== == 13.5.1 speech synthesis
phoneme: basic sound set in any given language unit
dynamically generating a voice
record voice
== == speech recognition 13.5.2
voiceprint: expressed over time of singing Figure frequency change
== == 13.5.3 Natural language understanding
lexical ambiguity: ambiguity because the words have multiple meanings caused by
the syntactic ambiguity: Because of the way the sentence is ambiguous caused by a variety of
refer to the ambiguity: ambiguity due to the pronouns can refer to multiple objects caused
13.6 robotics
robot robots can be divided into fixed and mobile robotic
== 13.6.1 perceived - planning - execution paradigm ==
can study mobile robot is able to move relative to the robot and the environment has a certain capacity for self
to be mobile robot the original method of modeling the world use planning
perceived - planning - execution (SPA) paradigm: perception - modeling world - planning - control - execution
== == 13.6.2 Conceiving architecture
gives computer a simple act, can run in parallel
topology map of the space as a site map linked from the arc, with a similar concept and order, but there is no concept of distance
Asimov's laws of robotics
robot may not injure a human being or human subject injury ignored
robot must obey human commands
the robot must protect its own existence
== == 13.6.3 physical components
of the robot by sensors, actuators, and calculation means (a microprocessor) configured
to collect data about the sensor responsible for
effector responsible mobile robot
computing means sends an instruction to the actuator responsible for the
three kinds of desired movement of the robot Commonly used systems are wheels, tracks and the robot leg
Chapter XIV simulation, graphics, games and other applications
1. What is the analog
simulation: design model complex systems and to observe the results of the model experiments.
== == complex system
most suitable for the simulation system is dynamic, interactive and complex systems.
== == model
Model: Abstract real system, is a rule of the objects in the system and manage these objects interact.
== == structural model
two different types of simulation:
- Continuous analog
The continuous analog time as the continuous differential equation reflects a set of characteristic relationship represents a change in the set time. Thus, the behavioral characteristics or properties selected for the system modeling must be capable of expressing mathematically. For example, the weather module
type belongs to this type. Characterized in weather model include wind, temperature, humidity, clouds, precipitation and the like. Can be a set of
partial differential equations modeling of the interactions of these components generated over time, these equations can measure the rate of change of these components in the three-dimensional space.
Because of the continuous simulation feature has a theoretical nature, engineers and economists often use this technique. In these areas, the interaction between them and the features available to the already well known. In the following sections, we will introduce Meteorological detailed simulations.
- Discrete event simulation
Discrete event simulation consists of entities, attributes and events. Entities represent objects must be explicitly defined in the real system. That is, characteristics or behavior of the system is subject. For example, if you are on a factory model, then to a variety of machines and products that entity. Attribute is a particular feature of the entity. Identification number, date of purchase and maintenance history of the machine is a unit of property. Event is the interaction between the entities. For example, a machine output is sent to the next event is a machine as an input.
2. Special Model
== == queuing system
please wait
one example of
other types of queue
== == weather models
weather forecast
hurricane tracking
specific model
== == computational biology
computational biology: a solution to cross-disciplinary biological problems through knowledge of applied mathematics and computer statistics.
- Bioinformatics: A subject information technology to molecular biology, it relates to the biological information in the computer network and queries, storage, manipulation, analysis and visualization.
- Computational Biology Modeling: Modeling of biological systems biology.
- Calculation genome: genomic sequence decoding.
- Molecular modeling: modeling of molecules.
- Protein Structure Prediction: Try modeling a three-dimensional protein sequence, which has not yet been implemented in the test.
== == Other models
== == necessary computing power
3. Computer Graphics
- Works of light
- Object shape
- Light simulation
- Modeling complex objects
- Let the object move
4. Game
Computer Games: Computer simulation of the virtual world.
== History == game
play: players interact with the type of experience during the game.
Create a virtual world
game engine: the game software to create a computer system.
tool:
- Rendering graphics engine
- Provides collision detection and dynamic simulation problem to solve mechanical characteristics of the object being simulated physics engine
- Sound generating unit
- Independent of the driver code game scripting language
- Artificial intelligence algorithms (e.g., routing (path-finding) algorithm)
- Animation
- FIG scene, graphics scene utilizing generic data structure to represent the spatial scene
== == game process and development
program of the game == ==
summary
- Simulation is a major field of computing, which involves constructing a computer model of a complex system, and the experimental model used for the observation.
- There are two main types of simulation, that is, continuous analog and discrete event simulation.
- Queuing system is a discrete event simulation, where the waiting time is a factor to be analyzed.
- Computer graphics is a combination of the field of computer science and the art of painting.
- The computer game is a virtual world players can interact between the system and the player with.