Python3 tkinter the Widget base component (1)

Python 's GUI library

• PyGObject: PyGObject GObject based library for the C library introspection bindings, these libraries can support GTK + 3 GUI toolkit, so GObiect provides a rich graphical interface components
• PyGTK: PyGTK-based old version of GTK + 2 library binding, the underlying GTK + by means of various visual elements and components provided 2, the same can develop software that runs on the GNOME desktop, it is mainly for Linux / UNIX systems. PyGTK GTK + 2 C language is a simple package, provides object-oriented programming interface. Its official site at http://www.pygtk.org/
• PyQt: PyQt is the successful integration of the Python programming language and Qt libraries. Qt itself is an extension of C ++ GUI application development framework, Qt can perfectly run on UNIX, Windows and Mac OS X, hence PyQt Python package is built on Qt basis. So, PyQt also be cross-platform use.
• PySide: PySide provided by Nokia Qt library for new packaging toolset, currently inferior to maturity PyQt
• wxpython: wxpython is a cross-platform GUI toolkit, wxpython to the popular wxWidgets (formerly known as wxWindows) basis, provide a good cross-platform appearance. In simple terms, wxPython call the local components of Windows on Windows. Calls on Mac OS native components of Mac OS X, Linux, call local components on Linux, so you can make the platform GUI program displays the corresponding style on different platforms. wxPython is a very popular cross-platform GUI library. Its official site at http://www.wxpython.org/
• Tkinter: Tkinter GUI library that comes with Python is, no additional download and install, as long as the package can import tkinter.

Tkinter programming components

Probably look to have a general understanding, create the following simple window

import tkinter
## 创建Tk对象，Tk代表窗口
window = tkinter.Tk()
## 设置窗口标题
window.title('窗口标题')
## 创建 Label 标签对象（不可编辑），第一个参数指定放到哪个窗口，第二个参数显示内容
L = tkinter.Label(window,text='Hello World')
## 调用pack进行布局
L.pack()
## 启动主窗口
window.mainloop()

Operating results:

the basis of the above, add the components, the more fullness

import tkinter
window = tkinter.Tk()
window.title('窗口标题')
## 设定窗口大小（长x宽）
window.geometry('500x250')
## bg为标签的背景色,fg为字的颜色，font为字体和字大小，width为标签的宽度，weight为标签的高度
L = tkinter.Label(window,text='Hello World',bg='green',fg='white',font=('Arial',12),width=30,height=2)
L.pack()
window.mainloop()

running result:

The Button (Button) widget

Button assembly is used to achieve a variety of buttons, the button can contain text or images, and can be a button with Python function or method (object) is associated, when the button is pressed, the Tkinter auto-correlation function or method call ( Object)

import tkinter
window = tkinter.Tk()
window.title('窗口标题')
window.geometry('400x250')
## 设定字符串变量，方便调用和修改
var = tkinter.StringVar()
## 标签内容为var变量内容
L = tkinter.Label(window,textvariable=var,bg='green',fg='white',font=('Arial',12),width=30,height=2)
L.pack()
## 设定var变量初始值
var.set('吃啥')
on_button = False
## 设定按钮点击后调用的函数
def Button_me():
    global on_button
    if on_button == False:
        on_button = True
        var.set('馒头')
    else:
        on_button = False
        var.set('米饭')
## 创建按钮，command为指定按钮点击之后调用的函数
B = tkinter.Button(window,text='确定',width=10,height=1,command=Button_me)
## 调用pack进行布局
B.pack()
window.mainloop()

Operating results:

the effect after the click will not show. . .

Entry (single-line text) widget

import tkinter
window = tkinter.Tk()
window.title('窗口标题')
window.geometry('400x250')
## 创建单行文本，e1为密文文本，e2位明文文本
e1 = tkinter.Entry(window,show='*')
e2 = tkinter.Entry(window,show=None)
e1.pack()
e2.pack()
window.mainloop()

running result:

Text (multi-line text) widget

import tkinter
window = tkinter.Tk()
window.title('窗口标题')
window.geometry('400x250')
E = tkinter.Entry(window,show=None)
E.pack()
## 设定B按钮点击调用的函数
def insert_point():
    ## 获取E文本输入的内容，写入到T多行文本里面
    var = E.get()
    T.insert('insert',var)
B = tkinter.Button(window,text='insert point',width=10,height=2,command=insert_point)
B.pack()
## 创建多行文本
T = tkinter.Text(window,height=3)
T.pack()
window.mainloop()

running result:

Listbox (list box) widget

import tkinter
window = tkinter.Tk()
window.title('窗口标题')
window.geometry('400x250')
var = tkinter.StringVar()
L = tkinter.Label(window,bg='green',width=10, textvariable=var)
L.pack()
def print_value():
    ## 获取Lb列表框选择，把值写到L文本中
    value = Lb.get(Lb.curselection())
    var1.set(value)
B = tkinter.Button(window,text='print value',width=15,height=1,command=print_value)
B.pack()
value = tkinter.StringVar()
## 设定值为元组
value.set((1,2,3,4))
## 创建列表框，选择为value值
Lb = tkinter.Listbox(window,listvariable=value)
## 创建列表
list_items = [11,22,33,44]
## 用for循环把list_items列表遍历到Lb列表框中
for item in list_items:
    Lb.insert('end',item)
## 在列表框第一个位置加入dasha
Lb.insert(1,'dasha')
## 在列表框第二个位置加入ersha
Lb.insert(2,'ersha')
## 删除列表框第二个位置的值
Lb.delete(2)
Lb.pack()
window.mainloop()

running result:

RadioButton (check box) widget

import tkinter
window = tkinter.Tk()
window.title('窗口标题')
window.geometry('400x250')
L = tkinter.Label(window,bg='yellow',width=20,text='empty')
L.pack()
var = tkinter.StringVar()
## 定义单选框触发函数
def print_selection():
    L.config(text='you have selected%s' % var.get())
## 创建单选框，执行返回的函数，单选框当选中就会把value的值赋予variable中
R1 = tkinter.Radiobutton(window,text='Option A',variable=var,value='A',command=print_selection)
R1.pack()
R2 = tkinter.Radiobutton(window,text='Option B',variable=var,value='B',command=print_selection)
R2.pack()
R3 = tkinter.Radiobutton(window,text='Option C',variable=var,value='C',command=print_selection)
R3.pack()
window.mainloop()

running result:

Checkbuuton (check box) widget

import tkinter
window = tkinter.Tk()
window.title('窗口标题')
window.geometry('400x250')
L = tkinter.Label(window,bg='yellow',width=20,text='empty')
L.pack()
## 定义多选框触发函数
def print_selection():
    ## 如果var1多选框选中，var2多选框未选中
    if (var1.get() == 1) & (var2.get() == 0):
        L.config(text='I love Python')
    ## 如果var1多选框未选中，var2多选框选中
    elif (var1.get() == 0) & (var2.get() == 1):
        L.config(text='I love C++')
    ## 如果var1和var2多选框都未选中
    elif (var1.get() == 0) & (var2.get() == 0):
        L.config(text='I lova me!')
    ## 最后只剩都选中的情况了
    else:
        L.config(text='I want it all')
## 定义var1和var2两个多选框的返回值存放变量
var1 = tkinter.IntVar()
var2 = tkinter.IntVar()
## 创建两个多选框，指定返回值存放变量，多选框改变触发的函数
c1 = tkinter.Checkbutton(window,text='Python',variable=var1,onvalue=1,offvalue=0,command=print_selection)
c1.pack()
c2 = tkinter.Checkbutton(window,text='C++',variable=var2,onvalue=1,offvalue=0,command=print_selection)
c2.pack()
window.mainloop()

running result:

Scale (scale bar) widget

import tkinter
window = tkinter.Tk()
window.title('窗口标题')
window.geometry('600x250')
L = tkinter.Label(window,bg='yellow',width=20,text='empty')
L.pack()
## 定义尺度条触发函数
def print_selection(value):
    L.config(text='you age is %s' % value)
## 创建年龄尺度条，年龄范围为18到70，尺度条长度为500，刻度显示间隔为5，精度为1
S = tkinter.Scale(window,label='age',from_=18,to=70,orient=tkinter.HORIZONTAL,length=500,tickinterval=5,resolution=1,command=print_selection)
S.pack()
window.mainloop()

running result:

The Canvas (canvas) widget

import tkinter
window = tkinter.Tk()
window.title('窗口标题')
window.geometry('500x300')
## 创建画布，指定背景色、高和宽
canvas = tkinter.Canvas(window,bg='green',height=200,width=500)
## 引用图片logo（图自备）
image_file = tkinter.PhotoImage(file='timg.gif')
## 画布上引用图片，指定图片的NE坐标（下图标示坐标对应的位置）对应的画布500,0坐标
image = canvas.create_image(500,0,anchor='ne',image=image_file)
## 画布上创建直线，四个参数分别为起始的x，y轴和结束的x，y轴
line = canvas.create_line(60,60,150,60)
## 画布上创建圆形，填充颜色为黄色
oval = canvas.create_oval(120,70,220,170,fill='yellow')
## 画布上创建扇形，起始角度为0°，结束角度为180°
arc = canvas.create_arc(50,100,100,150,start=0,extent=180)
## 画布上创建正方形
rect = canvas.create_rectangle(20,40,20+30,40+30)
canvas.pack()
window.mainloop()

Images corresponding coordinates:

operating results:

Menu (menu bar) widget

import tkinter
window = tkinter.Tk()
window.title('窗口标题')
window.geometry('500x300')
L = tkinter.Label(window,text=' ',bg='green')
L.pack()
## 定义函数，记录菜单栏点击次数
counter = 0
def do_job():
    global counter
    L.config(text='do %d' % counter)
    counter += 1
## 创建菜单栏，依附在window窗口（也可以理解为在window窗口创建菜单栏容器）
menu = tkinter.Menu(window)
## 创建第一个菜单，默认不下拉，依附在menu菜单栏
filemenu = tkinter.Menu(menu,tearoff=0)
## 指定filemenu菜单栏显示名称
menu.add_cascade(label='File',menu=filemenu)
## 在filemenu菜单栏加入小菜单，点击执行do_job函数
filemenu.add_command(label='New',command=do_job)
filemenu.add_command(label='Open',command=do_job)
filemenu.add_command(label='Save',command=do_job)
## 加入一个分割线
filemenu.add_separator()
filemenu.add_command(label='Exit',command=do_job)
## 创建第二个菜单，默认不下拉，依附在menu菜单栏
editmenu = tkinter.Menu(menu,tearoff=0)
menu.add_cascade(label='Edit',menu=editmenu)
editmenu.add_command(label='Cut',command=do_job)
editmenu.add_command(label='Copy',command=do_job)
editmenu.add_command(label='Paste',command=do_job)
## 在filemenu菜单栏创建一个子菜单
submenu = tkinter.Menu(filemenu)
filemenu.add_cascade(label='Import',menu=submenu,underline=0)
## 子菜单里创建小菜单
submenu.add_command(label='Submenu',command=do_job)
## 让菜单栏在窗口显示出来
window.config(menu=menu)
window.mainloop()

running result:

Frame (container) window assembly

import tkinter
window = tkinter.Tk()
window.title('Pack布局')
window.geometry('500x300')
## 这里创建放置标签一步搞定
tkinter.Label(window,text='on the window',bg='red',font=('Arial',16)).pack()
## 创建个主容器，依附在window窗口上
F = tkinter.Frame(window)
F.pack()
##创建子容器，依附在Ｆ容器上
F_l = tkinter.Frame(F)
F_r = tkinter.Frame(F)
## 设定依附的位置（一个左，一个右）
F_l.pack(side='left')
F_r.pack(side='right')
## 在两个子容器分别创建三个标签，用不同的颜色区分
tkinter.Label(F_l,text='on the F_l1',bg='green').pack()
tkinter.Label(F_l,text='on the F_l2',bg='green').pack()
tkinter.Label(F_l,text='on the F_l3',bg='green').pack()
tkinter.Label(F_r,text='on the F_r1',bg='yellow').pack()
tkinter.Label(F_r,text='on the F_r2',bg='yellow').pack()
tkinter.Label(F_r,text='on the F_r3',bg='yellow').pack()
window.mainloop()

running result:

the messageBox (message box) widget

import tkinter
## 要使用消息框需要导入模块
import tkinter.messagebox
window = tkinter.Tk()
window.title('Pack布局')
window.geometry('500x300')
##  定义按钮返回触发变量
def Hello():
    ## 弹出信息框
    tkinter.messagebox.showinfo(title='Hello',message='你好！')
def Warning():
    ## 弹出警告框
    tkinter.messagebox.showwarning(title='Warning',message='警告！')
def Error():
    ## 弹出错误框
    tkinter.messagebox.showerror(title='Error',message='错误！')
def Who():
    ## 弹出是否选择框，返回yes和no
    Whet = tkinter.messagebox.askquestion(title='Who?',message='你知道自己是gay吗?')
    ## 根据返回值执行不同的命令
    if Whet == 'yes':
        tkinter.messagebox.showinfo(title='Hi!',message='原来你知道啊')
    elif Whet == 'no':
        tkinter.messagebox.showinfo(title='Hi!',message='什么，你不知道？')
def Whet():
    ## 弹出是否选择框，返回True和False
    tkinter.messagebox.askyesno(title='Whether or not?',message='你不知道？')
def Whether():
    ## 弹出是否选择框，返回True和False
    tkinter.messagebox.askokcancel(title='Whether?',message='你知道？')
## 创建按钮，指定点击按钮弹出的消息框
tkinter.Button(window,text='Hello',bg='blue',font=('Arial',14),command=Hello).pack()
tkinter.Button(window,text='Warning',bg='yellow',font=('Arial',14),command=Warning).pack()
tkinter.Button(window,text='Error',bg='red',font=('Arial',14),command=Error).pack()
tkinter.Button(window,text='Who',bg='violet',font=('Arial',14),command=Who).pack()
tkinter.Button(window,text='Whet',bg='green',font=('Arial',14),command=Whet).pack()
tkinter.Button(window,text='Whether',bg='orange',font=('Arial',14),command=Whether).pack()
window.mainloop()

running result: