1, the basic characteristics of the operating system: concurrency ; sharing ; fictitious ; asynchrony .
2, operating system design goals: convenience ; effectiveness ; scalability ; openness .
3, the main functions of the operating system: processor management ; memory management ; equipment management ; file management ; a user interface .
4, the operating system user interface: command interface ; Program Interface ; a graphical user interface .
5, the operating system's basic types: batch systems ; time-sharing system ; real-time systems .
6, more popular operating system (examples): Windows ; UNIX ; Linux .
. 7, the UNIX kernel structure of the system may be divided into two parts: the process control subsystem ; file subsystem .
8, the most essential features of the UNIX system (abbreviation): of the OSI .
9, convenience and effectiveness are the two most important operating system design objectives.
10, the basic features of the OS, the asynchronous nature means that the process is unpredictable rate of people moving forward.
11, the operating system interface, programming interface , also known as system calls.
12, in the basic operating system type, the reliability is a real-time system is the most important feature.
13, 1990, openness has become a critical element of the new system or software can be widely used.
14, concurrency is a multi-user, multi-tasking operating system, the most important feature.
15, concurrency and sharing is a multi-user, multi-tasking features two basic operating system.
16, in the operating system, process synchronization mechanism implemented: semaphore mechanism ; the tube mechanism .
17, guidelines synchronization mechanism, so that the right to wait means that when the process can not access their critical region should immediately release the processor.
18, the main principles of the process preemptive scheduling mode based on: the priority rules ; short process priority principle ; time slice principle .
19, 1965, proposed by the Netherlands scholars Dijkstra semaphore mechanism is effective tool for process synchronization.
20, process synchronization mechanism guidelines should be followed: idle let into ; busy waiting ; limited wait ; let the right to wait .
21, the only sign (abbreviation) processes, files, threads exist in the system: PCB ; FCB ; the TCB .
22, in the file system, file attribute information is stored in a data structure (abbreviation) the FCB in.
23, the operating system using the data structure (abbreviation) the PCB describe the basic process and activity of the process.
24, the system will be saved CPU interrupts the process of site information in the data structure of the process (abbreviation): PCB in.
25, three basic state of the process, the ready state in which a process has been assigned to all the necessary resources other than the CPU.
26, after the process once the requested I / O completion, will make the process of state from the blocking state into a ready state .
27, the operating system is in the execution state of the process proposed after I / O request, the process state into the blocking state .
28, the operating system is in the execution state of the process time slice is exhausted, the process state into a ready state .
29, three basic status of the process: ready state ; execution state ; blocking state .
30, usually two ways to lift the deadlock: deprivation of resources ; undo the process .
31, causes the process deadlock can be attributed to two things: competition for resources ; interprocess order to promote illegal .
32, a deadlock condition modern operating systems, the exclusive condition that can not be abandoned to prevent deadlock occurs.
33, in the condition in deadlock, not deprivation ( non-preemptive conditions ) refers to the process of the resource has been released by their own only when you are finished.
34, sequential dispensing method is the replacement resource deadlock condition in a loop waiting condition ( loop wait condition ) to prevent deadlock.
35, in the conditions of deadlock, the exclusive condition refers to a period of time, a resource can only be occupied by one process.
36, the process of generating the necessary conditions for deadlock: exclusive conditions ; request and maintenance conditions ; not deprivation ( nonpreemptable conditions ); loop wait condition ( loop wait condition ).
37, requested the main hardware support paging system: request a page table mechanism ; page fault institution ; address conversion unit .
38, in hardware support for demand paging system, page replacement algorithm requires application requests a page table mechanism to achieve.
39, in hardware support for demand paging system, when the page is not in memory to be accessed by the page fault interrupt mechanism to achieve.
40, the theoretical basis of virtual memory: locality principle .
41, the principle of locality , the generation time limitations typical reason is the existence of a number of cycles within the program.
42, the principle of locality , the generated space limitations typical case where a program execution order.
43, 1968, Peter J.Denning pointed out when presenting a program execution: time limitations ; space limitations .
44、解决通道“瓶颈”问题最有效的方法是增加设备到主机间的通路。
45、设备分配中的主要数据结构(英文缩写)：DCT；COCT；CHCT；SDT。
46、在设备分配中，用于记录全部设备情况的数据结构(英文缩写)：SDT(系统设备表)。
47、在设备分配中，用于记录每一个设备情况的数据结构(英文缩写)：DCT(设备控制表)。
48、在设备分配中，用于记录每一个控制器情况的数据结构(英文缩写)：COCT(控制器控制表)。
49、按设备的固有属性分类，将I/O设备分为：独占设备；共享设备；虚拟设备。
50、按设备的固有属性分类中，典型的独占设备有打印机、磁带机等。
51、按设备的固有属性分类中，独占设备属于临界资源，即进程临界区访问的资源。
52、按设备的固有属性分类中，典型的共享设备有磁盘、光盘等。
53、在假脱机打印系统中，按设备的固有属性分类，是将独占设备改造为共享设备。
54、在假脱机打印系统中，按设备的固有属性分类，实现了虚拟设备功能。
55、为了设置设备的独立性，系统必须设置(英文缩写)：LUT(逻辑设备表)。
56、将一台物理I/O设备虚拟为多台逻辑I/O设备的技术：SPOOLing。
57、SPOOLing技术是对脱机I/O系统的模拟，或称为假脱机技术。
58、实现“按名存取”是文件系统向用户提供的最基本的服务。
59、实现“按名存取”是文件系统目录管理中最基本的功能。
60、通过存取控制机制；防止由人为因素所造成的的文件系统的不安全性。
61、通过采取容错技术，防止由系统因素所造成的文件系统的不安全性。
62、通过建立后备系统，防止由自然因素所造成的文件系统的不安全性。
63、影响文件安全性的主要因素：人为因素；系统因素；自然因素。
64、保证文件系统安全性的主要措施：存取控制；容错技术；后备系统。
65、在索引节点中设置链接引用(links)计数的目的是为了实现目录管理的文件共享。
66、目录管理的主要功能：按名存取；提高检索速度；文件共享；允许文件重名。
67、目前，常用的文件(外存)分配方法：连续分配；链接分配；索引分配。