1. Software development cost estimation methods in software development workload prices and business costs, state tax and other items related to corporate profits. For ease of calculation, a calculation formula is given:
Software development effort to develop price = × development costs / person-month
1.1 development effort of software development effort and the estimated amount of work experience, risk factors and other items related to reuse factor:
= Estimate software development effort work experience × × reuse factor risk factor
1.1.1 The estimated amount of work experience (expressed as A) Soft even developed computational effort, it has been proposed to source lines of code or function points to calculate, these methods are a lot more difficult to implement. Current international still be calculated based on past experience of the way, the domestic software enterprises also be estimated workload by way of experience. In order to better regulate the estimation method, the proposed activities of the software development process can be in accordance with national standards set by "GB / T 8566-2001 software life cycle process" to calculate the workload. The computational effort is developed by a staff member in a month (month calendar, which includes holidays set by the state) to complete the work as a unit, which is often speak of "person-months." In particular, to remind that the software development process includes both often speak of software development, including the activities of various types of software should be tested. 1.1.2 risk factor (σ to be expressed) a lot of factors in this regard is a factor in estimating the value of work experience also there is a big risk, causing the software crisis. Especially when software companies are not familiar with the business information or are not familiar with the project, and the user is unable to understand or can not completely express their real needs, resulting in software companies need to constantly improve the requirements elicitation, design modifications and other the work. therefore:
l ≤ risk factor ≤ 1.5 according to our understanding of the software companies, more than half of the estimated value of work experience, is not acceptable, so we determine the "1.5" as the limit. Of course, this depends on the ability of both companies, it also depends on the degree of user can accept. 1.1.3 reuse factor (τ to be represented) the estimated amount of work experience are software companies generally undertake projects to estimate, but if software companies have a "component-based development approach", and has been able to build reusable components library (core asset library), or have some software products, only for secondary development, thereby reducing the workload of the software development. therefore:
0.25 ≤ reuse factor ≤ 1 according to domestic and foreign software companies based on empirical data component development method (software product line) to improve the efficiency of 25% (maximum value). 1.2 Development costs / person-month cost of doing business software companies, state tax, corporate profits, cost, and quality management costs. It can be assigned to each share of software developers head.
Development costs / person month = (P + Q + R) × S × τ
1.2.1 P (capitation fee) capitation mainly wages, bonuses and the cost of the provisions of the country by human calculation. Its total business costs in the software business accounted for 70% -80%.
P = B × 1.476 State predetermined fund 7%, 12% medical insurance, pensions 22%, 2% unemployment (known as four gold), in addition to the total wages levied injury margin of 0.5% fertility margin of 0.5%, 1.6% disability fund, labor union funds 2%, the cumulative 47.6%. B is the average wage paid to a number of companies that is the sum of salary, bonuses, incentives and other employees, divided by the number of enterprise employees, spread over a month. 1.2.2 Q (office expenses) office expenses include corporate office rental fees and property management fees, communication costs, office consumables, water and air-conditioning costs, equipment depreciation, travel expenses, including the cost of additional business-to-job training paid staff its total business costs in the software business accounted for 20% -30%.
Q = B / 3 where office costs calculated at 25% of the cost of doing business. 1.2.3 R (national tax and corporate profits) due to the implementation of preferential policies for the development of national software industry, it is not calculated separately listed, but software companies still need to pay the state tax obligations, may be considered in conjunction with corporate profits. In addition, the software company's employees can not work at full capacity throughout the year, even if months of the year are the organization of work, but also need to take time to conduct pre-job training job training and mention the post. As far as we understand, the software company's staff a year to 10 months to 11 months of work is normal.
R = B / 3 here for our proposals, depending on the circumstances of each software company to be changed. 1.2.4 S (management coefficient) Typically, each agency managers will have a certain proportion, with reference to the practice of some means, two for each ten staffing management software management costs namely:
1 ≤ S ≤ 1.2
1.2.5 T (quality factor) improve software quality, are bound to have spending that quality costs, for different software companies, the cost of its quality varies. Software companies and other enterprises, but also the integrity of the brand and other factors, thereby increasing business expenses. At present we can be determined by passed ISO9000 quality system certification and CMM or CMMI certification, the value 1.05,1.1,1.15,1.2 respectively. Future proposals can be divided into four pairs qualified software enterprise. It is determined by the Software Industry Association certification based on various factors, brand, integrity and degree of CMMI. This system construction has yet to be explored further. Accordingly, we integrated the above points: development costs / person month = (B × 1.476 + B / 3 + B / 3) × l.2 × T = B × (1.476 + 2/3) × 1.2 × T = B × 2 .575 × T = B × λ when time T = 1.05, λ = 2.7 when T = 1.2 when, λ = 3.09 Thus, 2.7 ≤ λ ≤ 3.09 for receiving foreign software outsourcing business, on the one hand high wages , other arrangements are also more difficult to work at full capacity, with this recommendation R = B / 2. Thus development costs / person-month = B (1.476 + 1/3 + 1/2 ) × 1.2 × T = B × 2.767 × T = B × λ when time T = 1.05, λ = 2.906 when time T = 1.2, λ Accordingly = 3.32, 2.9 ≤ λ ≤ 3.32 Conclusion: software development price = A × σ × τ × B × λ A: Experience the estimated workload B: average wages software enterprises / person-month Q: risk factor l ≤ Q ≤ 1.5 T: reuse factor of 0.25 ≤ τ ≤ 1 λ: integrated coefficient lambda ≤ 3.09 ≤ 2.7 2. Software ( system) estimation method to maintain the price charged in complete confidence in the system integration projects and application software development, and delivered to the user within one year of formal operation, the introduction of free maintenance service for one year software (system). In the year after the formal operation, software companies should be signed with the user software (system) maintenance contract. The contract is a technology transfer contract, also is a technology development contract. Depending on user requirements, can be divided into four levels of software (system) for maintenance. 2.1 A-class software companies resident users send technical personnel to solve problems in daily operation. 2.1.1 U (system construction investment) users need to maintain enterprise software systems, investment in the construction of the system. If users only need to maintain enterprise software applications they develop, U is the application software development costs; such as user needs software companies maintain the entire system, including computer hardware, software, network and application software, U is the information project investment total. 2.1.2 N (the number of technical staff) software companies to send technical personnel N, resident user, thus:
Software (system) maintained in / on = U × 15% × [lambda] or N × × B 12 is B, [lambda] 1. see 2.2 B software companies seven days a week, 24 hours a day (i.e. 7 × 24 hours) in response to 2 hours to the scene, and every day to send technical personnel to the scene to conduct software (system) performance tuning, making it running in good condition.
Software (system) maintenance fees / year = U × 10%
2.3 C-class software companies respond 7 × 24 hours, 2 hours scene.
Software (system) maintenance fees / year = U × 5%
2.4 D level the user's information system or application software engineering problems, the original assume software companies send maintenance. 2.4.1 B ' This approach requires maintenance software companies need to save all of the technical file, but software companies need someone to constantly out of familiar and have complete control of the software (system) of the technical details. Therefore, the enterprise software spending is bound to pay off in maintenance revenue. To Section 1.1.3 of B as a parameter, the unit changed its person-months person-days to B 'representation. 2.4.2 τ ' software development methodology member companies if based on, and build component library, which will greatly improve the efficiency of software maintenance. In addition, if the system is running roughly similar number of users, but also improved efficiency. In section 1.1.3 of [tau] as a parameter to τ 'is represented. therefore:
Software (system) maintenance costs / time = B '× τ' × n the n represents the number of man-days required. τ 'values are 0.2 ≤ τ'≤ 1. 3. The integrated system of price estimation method will relate to the overall system equipment, software, network integration and up, and normal operation, the result of operation to achieve its goal of establishing the system user. This is the meaning of system integration. Therefore, can be understood as mere equipment procurement and supply does not involve systems integration, and simple application development does not relate to systems integration. System integration costs should be related to the complexity of the scale of the whole system, the whole system of other items. System size is often closely related to the construction costs of the system. For simplicity computing to build cost systems (U-expressed) as the reference coordinates. Complexity (expressed in α) can be divided into four levels to distinguish.
系统集成费 ＝ U × α × T T参见1.2.5节 3.1 A级 整个系统涉及到计算机硬件、软件、局域网络，且体系结构在三层次以下（含三层次）。
5% ≤ α ≤ 8%
3.2 B级 整个系统涉及到计算机硬件、软件、局域网络、互联网，且体系结构在三层以上（含三层次）。
7% ≤ α ≤ 10%
3.3 C级 整个系统涉及到计算机硬件、软件、局域网络、互联网以及多种网络接口。
8% ≤ α ≤ 12%
3.4 D级 整个系统涉及到计算机硬件、软件、网络、通信以及各种数据采集设备接口或者与用主系统有接口。
10% ≤ α ≤ 15%
4. 系统解决方案费用估算方法 根据用户所提出的初步需求，软件企业根据以往的经验为之提供整个系统建设的方案，包括需购买的计算机硬件、软件、网络设备和应用软件开发的大体设想、费用估算、进度初步安排、信息化所涉及到的规章制度的一些规划，有时还会涉及信息中心的建设等等。这就是系统解决方案所要完成的工作。 目前国内市场对于系统解决方案是一种智力劳动成果的认识不足，以及国内多数招标公司并不熟悉信息技术，从而更加使得系统解决方案收费变得困难。因此，目前的收费处于过渡阶段。 系统解决方案费用与整个系统的规模、复杂程度等项有关。 系统规模往往与系统建设费用密切相关，为了简便计算，以系统建设的总投资（以U来表示）为参考坐标。