Django's Form and components ModelForm
1.Form Introduction
The main function of Form following components:
- HTML tags generated pages available
- The data submitted by the user verification O
- Keep last Input content
Registered ordinary handwriting function
views.py
# 注册
def register(request):
error_msg = ""
if request.method == "POST":
username = request.POST.get("name")
pwd = request.POST.get("pwd")
# 对注册信息做校验
if len(username) < 6:
# 用户长度小于6位
error_msg = "用户名长度不能小于6位"
else:
# 将用户名和密码存到数据库
return HttpResponse("注册成功")
return render(request,"register.html", {"error_msg": error_msg})login.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>注册页面</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="/reg/" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
<p>
用户名:
<input type="text" name="name">
</p>
<p>
密码：
<input type="password" name="pwd">
</p>
<p>
<input type="submit" value="注册">
<p style="color: red">{{ error_msg }}</p>
</p>
</form>
</body>
</html>Use Form components to achieve registration function
views.py
RegForm first define a class:
from django import forms
# 按照Django form组件的要求自己写一个类
class RegForm(forms.Form):
name = forms.CharField(label="用户名") #form字段的名称写的是什么，那么前端生成input标签的时候，input标签的name属性的值就是什么
pwd = forms.CharField(label="密码")View function
# 使用form组件实现注册方式
def register2(request):
form_obj = RegForm()
if request.method == "POST":
# 实例化form对象的时候，把post提交过来的数据直接传进去
form_obj = RegForm(data=request.POST)
#既然传过来的input标签的name属性值和form类对应的字段名是一样的，所以接过来后，form就取出对应的form字段名相同的数据进行form校验
# 调用form_obj校验数据的方法
if form_obj.is_valid():
return HttpResponse("注册成功")
return render(request, "register2.html", {"form_obj": form_obj})login.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>注册2</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="/reg2/" method="post" novalidate autocomplete="off"> #novalidate 告诉前端form表单，不要对输入的内容做校验
{% csrf_token %}
#{{ form_obj.as_p }} 直接写个这个，下面的用户名和密码的标签不自己写，你看看效果
<div>
<label for="{{ form_obj.name.id_for_label }}">{{ form_obj.name.label }}</label>
{{ form_obj.name }} {{ form_obj.name.errors.0 }} #errors是这个字段所有的错误，我就用其中一个错误提示就可以了，再错了再提示，并且不是给你生成ul标签了，单纯的是错误文本
{{ form_obj.errors }} #这是全局的所有错误，找对应字段的错误，就要form_obj.字段名
</div>
<div>
<label for="{{ form_obj.pwd.id_for_label }}">{{ form_obj.pwd.label }}</label>
{{ form_obj.pwd }} {{ form_obj.pwd.errors.0 }}
</div>
<div>
<input type="submit" class="btn btn-success" value="注册">
</div>
</form>
</body>
</html>See page effects found, also verified the form of functions:
- Front page object class generated form - generating HTML tags
- When the user name and password is blank or wrong, the page prompts - User submitted checking function
- After the user enters the wrong, again enter, remain the last of content - content Keep last Input
2.Form common field with plug-ins
When creating Form class, mainly related to the field and the plug, for field verification of the user requesting the data, for automatically generating HTML plug
initial
Initial value, input block of an initial value which
class LoginForm(forms.Form):
username = forms.CharField(
min_length=8,
label="用户名",
initial="张三" # 设置默认值
)
pwd = forms.CharField(min_length=6, label="密码")error_messages
Rewrite error message
class LoginForm(forms.Form):
username = forms.CharField(
min_length=8,
label="用户名",
initial="张三",
error_messages={
"required": "不能为空",
"invalid": "格式错误",
"min_length": "用户名最短8位"
}
)
pwd = forms.CharField(min_length=6, label="密码")password
class LoginForm(forms.Form):
...
pwd = forms.CharField(
min_length=6,
label="密码",
widget=forms.widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={'class': 'c1'}, render_value=True)
#这个密码字段和其他字段不一样，默认在前端输入数据错误的时候，点击提交之后，默认是不保存的原来数据的，但是可以通过这个render_value=True让这个字段在前端保留用户输入的数据
)radioSelect
Value is a string of single radio
class LoginForm(forms.Form):
username = forms.CharField(
#其他选择框或者输入框，基本都是在这个CharField的基础上通过插件做的
min_length=8,
label="用户名",
initial="张三",
error_messages={
"required": "不能为空",
"invalid": "格式错误",
"min_length": "用户名最短8位"
}
)
pwd = forms.CharField(min_length=6, label="密码")
gender = forms.fields.ChoiceField(
choices=((1, "男"), (2, "女"), (3, "保密")),
label="性别",
initial=3,
widget=forms.widgets.RadioSelect()
)Radio Select
class LoginForm(forms.Form):
...
hobby = forms.fields.ChoiceField( #注意，单选框用的是ChoiceField，并且里面的插件是Select，不然验证的时候会报错， Select a valid choice的错误。
choices=((1, "篮球"), (2, "足球"), (3, "双色球"), ),
label="爱好",
initial=3,
widget=forms.widgets.Select()
)Select multiple choice
class LoginForm(forms.Form):
...
hobby = forms.fields.MultipleChoiceField( #多选框的时候用MultipleChoiceField，并且里面的插件用的是SelectMultiple，不然验证的时候会报错。
choices=((1, "篮球"), (2, "足球"), (3, "双色球"), ),
label="爱好",
initial=[1, 3],
widget=forms.widgets.SelectMultiple()
)Radio checkbox
class LoginForm(forms.Form):
...
keep = forms.fields.ChoiceField(
label="是否记住密码",
initial="checked",
widget=forms.widgets.CheckboxInput()
)Example:
#单选的checkbox
class TestForm2(forms.Form):
keep = forms.ChoiceField(
choices=(
('True',1),
('False',0),
),
label="是否7天内自动登录",
initial="1",
widget=forms.widgets.CheckboxInput(),
)
选中:'True' #form只是帮我们做校验,校验选择内容的时候,就是看在没在我们的choices里面,里面有这个值,表示合法,没有就不合法
没选中:'False'
---保存到数据库里面 keep:'True'
if keep == 'True':
session 设置有效期7天
else:
passMulti-select checkbox
class LoginForm(forms.Form):
...
hobby = forms.fields.MultipleChoiceField(
choices=((1, "篮球"), (2, "足球"), (3, "双色球"),),
label="爱好",
initial=[1, 3],
widget=forms.widgets.CheckboxSelectMultiple()
)date type
from django import forms
from django.forms import widgets
class BookForm(forms.Form):
date = forms.DateField(widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'type':'date'})) #必须指定type，不然不能渲染成选择时间的input框choice field considerations
When using the select tag, you need to pay attention to choices of configuration options can be obtained from the database, but because it is the value of static fields taken not immediately update, you need to override the constructors choice in order to achieve real-time updates.
method one:
from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import fields
class MyForm(Form):
user = fields.ChoiceField(
# choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),),
initial=2,
widget=widgets.Select
)
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(MyForm,self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
#注意重写init方法的时候，*args和**kwargs一定要给写上，不然会出问题，并且验证总是不能通过，还不显示报错信息
# self.fields['user'].choices = ((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),)
# 或
self.fields['user'].choices = models.Classes.objects.all().values_list('id','caption')Second way:
from django import forms
from django.forms import fields
from django.forms import models as form_model
class FInfo(forms.Form):
authors = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(queryset=models.NNewType.objects.all()) # 多选
#或者下面这种方式，通过forms里面的models中提供的方法也是一样的。
authors = form_model.ModelMultipleChoiceField(queryset=models.NNewType.objects.all()) # 多选
#authors = form_model.ModelChoiceField(queryset=models.NNewType.objects.all()) # 单选
#或者，forms.ModelChoiceField(queryset=models.Publisth.objects.all(),widget=forms.widgets.Select()) 单选
#
authors = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(
queryset=models.Author.objects.all(),
widget = forms.widgets.Select(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}
))
#如果用这种方式，别忘了model表中，NNEWType的__str__方法要写上，不然选择框里面是一个个的object对象
3.Form all built-in fields
Built-in fields:
Field
required=True, 是否允许为空
widget=None, HTML插件
label=None, 用于生成Label标签或显示内容
initial=None, 初始值
help_text='', 帮助信息(在标签旁边显示)
error_messages=None, 错误信息 {'required': '不能为空', 'invalid': '格式错误'}
validators=[], 自定义验证规则
localize=False, 是否支持本地化
disabled=False, 是否可以编辑
label_suffix=None Label内容后缀
CharField(Field)
max_length=None, 最大长度
min_length=None, 最小长度
strip=True 是否移除用户输入空白
IntegerField(Field)
max_value=None, 最大值
min_value=None, 最小值
FloatField(IntegerField)
...
DecimalField(IntegerField)
max_value=None, 最大值
min_value=None, 最小值
max_digits=None, 总长度
decimal_places=None, 小数位长度
BaseTemporalField(Field)
input_formats=None 时间格式化
DateField(BaseTemporalField) 格式：2015-09-01
TimeField(BaseTemporalField) 格式：11:12
DateTimeField(BaseTemporalField)格式：2015-09-01 11:12
DurationField(Field) 时间间隔：%d %H:%M:%S.%f
...
RegexField(CharField)
regex, 自定制正则表达式
max_length=None, 最大长度
min_length=None, 最小长度
error_message=None, 忽略，错误信息使用 error_messages={'invalid': '...'}
EmailField(CharField)
...
FileField(Field)
allow_empty_file=False 是否允许空文件
ImageField(FileField)
...
注：需要PIL模块，pip3 install Pillow
以上两个字典使用时，需要注意两点：
- form表单中 enctype="multipart/form-data"
- view函数中 obj = MyForm(request.POST, request.FILES)
URLField(Field)
...
BooleanField(Field)
...
NullBooleanField(BooleanField)
...
ChoiceField(Field)
...
choices=(), 选项，如：choices = ((0,'上海'),(1,'北京'),)
required=True, 是否必填
widget=None, 插件，默认select插件
label=None, Label内容
initial=None, 初始值
help_text='', 帮助提示
ModelChoiceField(ChoiceField)
... django.forms.models.ModelChoiceField
queryset, # 查询数据库中的数据
empty_label="---------", # 默认空显示内容
to_field_name=None, # HTML中value的值对应的字段
limit_choices_to=None # ModelForm中对queryset二次筛选
ModelMultipleChoiceField(ModelChoiceField)
... django.forms.models.ModelMultipleChoiceField
TypedChoiceField(ChoiceField)
coerce = lambda val: val 对选中的值进行一次转换
empty_value= '' 空值的默认值
MultipleChoiceField(ChoiceField)
...
TypedMultipleChoiceField(MultipleChoiceField)
coerce = lambda val: val 对选中的每一个值进行一次转换
empty_value= '' 空值的默认值
ComboField(Field)
fields=() 使用多个验证，如下：即验证最大长度20，又验证邮箱格式
fields.ComboField(fields=[fields.CharField(max_length=20), fields.EmailField(),])
MultiValueField(Field)
PS: 抽象类，子类中可以实现聚合多个字典去匹配一个值，要配合MultiWidget使用
SplitDateTimeField(MultiValueField)
input_date_formats=None, 格式列表：['%Y--%m--%d', '%m%d/%Y', '%m/%d/%y']
input_time_formats=None 格式列表：['%H:%M:%S', '%H:%M:%S.%f', '%H:%M']
FilePathField(ChoiceField) 文件选项，目录下文件显示在页面中
path, 文件夹路径
match=None, 正则匹配
recursive=False, 递归下面的文件夹
allow_files=True, 允许文件
allow_folders=False, 允许文件夹
required=True,
widget=None,
label=None,
initial=None,
help_text=''
GenericIPAddressField
protocol='both', both,ipv4,ipv6支持的IP格式
unpack_ipv4=False 解析ipv4地址，如果是::ffff:192.0.2.1时候，可解析为192.0.2.1， PS：protocol必须为both才能启用
SlugField(CharField) 数字，字母，下划线，减号（连字符）
...
UUIDField(CharField) uuid类型
复制代码
4. The field validation
RegexValidator validator
from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import fields
from django.core.validators import RegexValidator
class MyForm(Form):
user = fields.CharField(
validators=[RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', '请输入数字'), RegexValidator(r'^159[0-9]+$', '数字必须以159开头')],
)
Custom validation function
import re
from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import fields
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
# 自定义验证规则
def mobile_validate(value):
mobile_re = re.compile(r'^(13[0-9]|15[012356789]|17[678]|18[0-9]|14[57])[0-9]{8}$')
if not mobile_re.match(value):
raise ValidationError('手机号码格式错误') #自定义验证规则的时候，如果不符合你的规则，需要自己发起错误
class PublishForm(Form):
title = fields.CharField(max_length=20,
min_length=5,
error_messages={'required': '标题不能为空',
'min_length': '标题最少为5个字符',
'max_length': '标题最多为20个字符'},
widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'class': "form-control",
'placeholder': '标题5-20个字符'}))
# 使用自定义验证规则
phone = fields.CharField(validators=[mobile_validate, ],
error_messages={'required': '手机不能为空'},
widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'class': "form-control",
'placeholder': u'手机号码'}))
email = fields.EmailField(required=False,
error_messages={'required': u'邮箱不能为空','invalid': u'邮箱格式错误'},
widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'class': "form-control", 'placeholder': u'邮箱'}))
5.Hook hook method
We can also define a hook function in addition to the above Form class two ways to implement custom validation
Local hooks
We define clean_ field name () method of the Form class, it is possible to verify a particular field
for example:
class LoginForm(forms.Form):
username = forms.CharField(
min_length=8,
label="用户名",
initial="张三",
error_messages={
"required": "不能为空",
"invalid": "格式错误",
"min_length": "用户名最短8位"
},
widget=forms.widgets.TextInput(attrs={"class": "form-control"})
)
...
# 定义局部钩子，用来校验username字段,之前的校验股则还在，给你提供了一个添加一些校验功能的钩子
def clean_username(self):
value = self.cleaned_data.get("username")
if "666" in value:
raise ValidationError("光喊666是不行的")
else:
return value
Global hook
Then we define the clean () method of the Form class, it is possible to achieve global parity fields, all validation field complete, partial hooks are all executed, perform the check global hook
class LoginForm(forms.Form):
...
password = forms.CharField(
min_length=6,
label="密码",
widget=forms.widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}, render_value=True)
)
re_password = forms.CharField(
min_length=6,
label="确认密码",
widget=forms.widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}, render_value=True)
)
...
# 定义全局的钩子，用来校验密码和确认密码字段是否相同，执行全局钩子的时候，cleaned_data里面肯定是有了通过前面验证的所有数据
def clean(self):
password_value = self.cleaned_data.get('password')
re_password_value = self.cleaned_data.get('re_password')
if password_value == re_password_value:
return self.cleaned_data #全局钩子要返回所有的数据
else:
self.add_error('re_password', '两次密码不一致') #在re_password这个字段的错误列表中加上一个错误，并且clean_data里面会自动清除这个re_password的值，所以打印clean_data的时候会看不到它
raise ValidationError('两次密码不一致')
6. Advanced Supplementary
Application of Bootstrap styles
Django form Bootstrap style simple example application
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.min.css">
<title>login</title>
</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<form action="/login2/" method="post" novalidate class="form-horizontal">
{% csrf_token %}
<div class="form-group">
<label for="{{ form_obj.username.id_for_label }}"
class="col-md-2 control-label">{{ form_obj.username.label }}</label>
<div class="col-md-10">
{{ form_obj.username }}
<span class="help-block">{{ form_obj.username.errors.0 }}</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="{{ form_obj.pwd.id_for_label }}" class="col-md-2 control-label">{{ form_obj.pwd.label }}</label>
<div class="col-md-10">
{{ form_obj.pwd }}
<span class="help-block">{{ form_obj.pwd.errors.0 }}</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label class="col-md-2 control-label">{{ form_obj.gender.label }}</label>
<div class="col-md-10">
<div class="radio">
{% for radio in form_obj.gender %}
<label for="{{ radio.id_for_label }}">
{{ radio.tag }}{{ radio.choice_label }}
</label>
{% endfor %}
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<div class="col-md-offset-2 col-md-10">
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-default">注册</button>
</div>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<script src="/static/jquery-3.2.1.min.js"></script>
<script src="/static/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
Bulk add style
The method may be implemented by rewriting form class init
class LoginForm(forms.Form):
username = forms.CharField(
min_length=8,
label="用户名",
initial="张三",
error_messages={
"required": "不能为空",
"invalid": "格式错误",
"min_length": "用户名最短8位"
}
...
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(LoginForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
for field in iter(self.fields):
self.fields[field].widget.attrs.update({
'class': 'form-control'
})