The previous two briefly talk about the Linux system in the course of the basic concepts from the C language source code level, we know how the Linux kernel morphology and the course record of resources, as well as the course of the five foundation status and history of the family tree. In fact, in terms of course management, Linux or some quirks of.
Linux is how to establish the course of it?
Course of establishing Linux System
Many operating systems offer a course specially generation mechanism, course control model is: start building a new course in memory address space, and then read the executable program, loaded into memory for execution.
Linux does not establish a system thread using the classic course, but the course will be established to split into two independent functions of execution: fork () function and exec () family of functions.
Basic process is as promised: Start, fork () function to copy the current process of the establishment of sub-process. Differences in child and parent course of history produced only with PID and PPID, and certain resources and statistics, such as pending lights and so on. After organizing the course of running a good location space, exec () family of functions responsible for reading the executable program and loads it into the appropriate position started.
fork () function and exec () family of functions
to establish the course of these two sets of results function uses Linux system and method for establishing the results of the rest of the classic history of operating systems are similar, there may be readers will think that they will build the course too cumbersome, in fact, No, Linux is doing for the sake of which a progress code reuse rate, thanks to high-level overview of Linux empty, no longer need to devise a mechanism for establishing exceptionally history.
"Copy on write"
fork early in Linux () function simply put all the resources assigned to the parent process of the process of establishing a child, mechanisms such as the promise of nature is simple, but obey low they control.
The reason is self-evident: the sub-course do not have to use the resources of the parent course or sub-course might only resource as read-only way to visit the father of history, then it is more than purely a "copy resources" the expenses.
As for many of the subject, fork Linux subsequent version () function begins receiving "copy on write" mechanism. When writing copy technology can be copied to be delayed, or even eliminating copy, reduce expenses.
"Copy on write" mechanism
specifically, that is, Linux when calling fork () to establish sub-process, not in a hurry to copy the entire address space history, but history in read-only temporarily let his son unified way to share copies. Copy action will produce only when the child needs to write history, to ensure that each course have their own independent memory space.
If the sub-course less than or just need to read the sharing of spatial data, it copies hot action was omitted, Linux on reducing expenses. For example once the call, the system call to fork () exec (), this time exec () will load the new image coverage of fork () address space, the copy operation may be omitted completely.
In fact, fork () function that is the reality of expenditure copy of the parent process of the page table and create a unique character to the topography of the course of the child process. In most cases, Linux immediately after the establishment of the course will run the new executable program, so "copy on write" mechanism to avoid matching more copies of data. History is a fast rate established features of the Linux system, so "copy on write" is an optimized tense match.
When creating history, memory location space often contain tens of MB of data, and if each course once established, it is a copy of the data, spending is obviously very large short length.
fork () function
Linux in the fork () function originally based clone () implementation, clone () function to specify the resources required to share his son's journey through a series of parameter flags, type man command in Linux can see the clone () C language function prototypes:
clone () C language function prototypes
and the associated parameter flags:
Parameters associated flag
in Linux, the fork () function call to the final do_fork () function, which follows the C language code, see (do_fork () C language code length control function, following a one-sided surface only lists) :
C language code do_fork () function
do_fork () function to achieve a large one-sided process of establishing what can be seen from the associated C language source code, it calls copy_process () function, copy_process () function in the C language source code is as follows , see:
copy_process () function in the C language source code
copy_process () function code is long control of the Linux system in my hands, it reached nearly 400 lines, but the overall logic of the code is clear:
(1) copy_process () function starts check some flag, then call dup_task_struct () function for the new course of building the kernel stack, and thread_info and layout on a task_struct mentioned:
Call dup_task_struct () function for the new course
after the establishment of the next arch_dup_task_struct () function will copy to the layout of the new layout orig established, to view the associated C code, this course is clear:
Copy to the new layout created
this time course of the parent child process and morphology of the operator is completely similar.
(2) Next, you need to check some of the flags and statistics, C language code associated with the following, see:
Check the flag bits and statistics
(3) some clear statistics, as well as members of initializing some differences, of course, this time the new course layout task_struct mostly members of the body not modify, but father and son journey once different. C language code fragment associated with this course are as follows, see:
Some statistics will be cleared, and initialize some differences
(4) to the newly created sub-course conditions configured TASK_UNINTERRUUPTIBLE, make sure it is not being put into operation, the history of C language code is relatively simple.
(5) calls alloc_pid () function is assigned a unique new course pid, the following C language code associated, see:
The new course is assigned a unique pid
(6) credentials clone () function parameter flag, copy or share the file has been opened, the file system, lights handler course address space and other resources, such as the following piece of C language Code:
The copying or sharing of resources has been opened
(7) returns a pointer to task_struct for the new course layout body established to the caller, that do_fork () function. At this point the newly created course has not yet been put into operation.
Today back do_fork () function. If the call clone () function, the parameter is not passed CLONE_STOPPED, the newly created course will wake up and put into operation, the history of C language code is as follows:
Wake up and put into operation
here, it was a new course has been constructed Linux.
Linux kernel deliberately newly created sub-process of the first run, often due course the child would immediately call exec () function to load a new program into memory operation, so that you avoid the expense exceptionally copy-on-write. If the parent process of execution, obviously most likely place to start to write manipulate space, resulting in a copy of the action generated.
summary
This section details from the C-level language code illustrates the process of establishing the course of the Linux kernel, we can see that even complex operating system code is achieved through a series of basic C language syntax and function. What spicy, Linux is how to establish a thread of it? As we mentioned before, Linux systems are not particularly distinguished history and thread, the thread had one kind of exceptionally course, Linux is how to achieve this "exceptionally" history of it? Due to space limitations, say the next section, so stay tuned.
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