Introduction to Database
database
Database (database, DB) is a collection of long-term storage in the computer, organized, sharable data. Data in the database according to a certain mathematical model of organization, description and storage, has less redundancy, higher data independence and ease of scalability, and can be shared by various users.
Database management system software
DBMS (Database Management System) is a large-scale software for manipulating and managing a database, used to create, use and maintenance of the database, referred to as DBMS. It unified database management and control, in order to ensure the security and integrity of the database. Users, database administrators perform database maintenance by dbms DBMS data by accessing the database. It allows multiple applications and users in different ways to different times or at the same time to establish, modify and query a database. Most DBMS provides data definition language DDL (Data Definition Language) and data manipulation language DML (Data Manipulation Language), the structure and mode permissions for user-defined database constraints, to achieve the additional data, delete files.
Database management system is the core database system is a database management software. Database management system is to achieve the abstract sense the user data processing logic, computer software specifically converted into a physical data processing. With database management system, users can process data in an abstract sense, without regard to the layout and the physical location of the data on your computer.
Common database management software: Oracle oracle, IBM's db2, sql server, Access, Mysql (open source, free, cross-platform).
database system
Database system DBS (Data Base System, referred to as DBS) typically consists of software, databases and data administrators. Its software includes the operating system, various host languages, utilities, and database management systems. Unified database managed by the database management system, data insertion, modification, and retrieval have to be carried out by database management systems. Data administrator is responsible for creating, monitoring and maintenance of the entire database, the data can be used by any person is entitled to effective use.
mysql
mysql management
installation
linux:
--yum -y install mariadb mariadb-server OR --yum -y install mysql mysql-server
win:
--http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/
start up
--service mysqld start # open --chkconfig mysqld on # Set the boot from Kai OR --systemctl Start MariaDB --systemctl enable MariaDB
View
- ps aux | grep mysqld # view the process - netstat -an | grep 3306 # View port
set password
- mysqladmin -uroot password '123' # set the initial default password is not empty and therefore with the -p option - mysqladmin -u root -p123 password '1234 ' # change the root password
log in
- mysql # log on locally, the default user root, a blank password, the user is [email protected] - MySQL-uroot--p1234 # log on locally, specify a username and password, users [email protected] - MySQL-uroot-- p1234 -h 192.168.31.95 # remote login, the user is [email protected]
mysql commonly used commands
-
- start and stop the mysql service mysql service command:
-
- NET Start mysql
- NET STOP mysql
-
-
- landing and exit the command: - - mysql -h server IP -P port number - user name u - P password command prompt --delimiter --prompt specified delimiter - MySQL 127.0.0.1 -P -H -uroot-3306 - P123 - Exit quit ------ ---- \ Q; - - - \ s; ------ my.ini file: [MySQL] default = GBK-Character-SET [mysqld] Server-Character-SET = GBK - - prompt command prompt (\ d: the current date \ d: The current database \ u: current user) - - \ T (start log) \ t (the end of the log) - - Show Represents warnings; - - Help ()? \ H - - \ G; - - SELECT now (); - SELECT Version (); - SELECTUser; - - \ C cancel command - - DELIMITER specify the delimiter
Forgot your password how to do?
Method 1: Start mysql, skip authorization table
[root@controller ~]# service mysqld stop
[root@controller ~]# mysqld_safe --skip-grant-table &
[root@controller ~]# mysql
mysql> select user,host,password from mysql.user;
+----------+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| user | host | password |
+----------+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| root | localhost | *A4B6157319038724E3560894F7F932C8886EBFCF |
| root | localhost.localdomain | |
| root | 127.0.0.1 | |
| root | ::1 | |
| | localhost | |
| | localhost.localdomain | |
| root | % | *23AE809DDACAF96AF0FD78ED04B6A265E05AA257 |
+----------+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
mysql> update mysql.user set password=password("123") where user="root" and host="localhost"; mysql> flush privileges; mysql> exit [root@controller ~]# service mysqld restart [root@controller ~]# mysql -uroot -p123
Method 2 (deleted library):
Delete permissions-related library mysql, all authorization information is lost, mainly used for the test database or just building a database of case soon no authorization data (deleted from the library to run away) [root @ the Controller ~] # RM -rf / var / lib / MySQL / MySQL [the root Controller @ ~] # mysqld the restart-Service [the root Controller @ ~] # MySQL
sql and specifications
sql is Structured Query Language (Structured Query Language) acronym. SQL is a database operation command set designed for established and is fully functional database language.
When using it, just issued a "what" command, "how" the user is not taken into account. SQL is powerful, easy to learn, easy to use, has become a basic database operations, and now almost all databases support sql.
<1> in the database system, SQL statements are not case sensitive (uppercase is recommended). However, case-sensitive string constants. The proposed order uppercase, lowercase table names library name;
<2> SQL statement can be written in single or multiple rows, with ';' end. Keywords can not span multiple lines or abbreviated.
<3> with spaces and indentation to improve readability of the statement. Clause typically located on a separate line, to facilitate editing, improve readability.
SELECT * FROM tb_table
WHERE NAME="SIMON";
<4> Note: single-line comments: -
Multiline comments: /*......*/
<5> sql statement can operate off-line
<6> DDL,DML和DCL
- - SQL in DML, DDL, DCL difference.
-
-
- - DML (the Data Manipulation Language):
- they are SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT, DELETE, as its name suggests, this four command is used for the database
- language data operations - - - DDL (the data Definition language): - DDL to be more than DML, the main commands are CREATE, ALTER, DROP, etc., DDL mainly used in the definition or changing table (tABLE) - structure, data types, and links between tables and other constraints initialization work, they are mostly used when creating tables - - - DCL (the data Control Language): - - is the database control function. Is used to set or change the database user or role privileges statements, including (grant, deny, revoke, etc.) - statements. By default, only the sysadmin, dbcreator, db_owner or db_securityadmin and other personnel have the right to - force the implementation of DCL
Database operations (DDL)
--1 . Create a database (create a corresponding folder on the disk)
the Create Database [IF not EXISTS] db_name [Character the SET xxx]
- 2 View database.
Show Databases; View all databases
show create database db_name; Check database create a way
--3 modify the database. the ALTER database db_name [Character the SET xxx]
- 4 delete the database. drop database [IF EXISTS] db_name; - 5 uses a database switch databases use db_name; -. Note: Go to a database after no way to return before the state, but you can switch to view the database select database currently in use () by use;
mysql data types
MySQL supports multiple types can be roughly divided into three categories: the value, date / time and a character string (character) type.
Numeric types
The following table shows the range of each storage and integer type required.
Date and Time Types
It indicates the type of date and time is a time value DATETIME, DATE, TIMESTAMP, TIME, and YEAR.
Each type has a value of time effective range and a "zero" value of "zero" when the value of the specified unlawful MySQL can not be represented.
String type
字符串类型指CHAR、VARCHAR、BINARY、VARBINARY、BLOB、TEXT、ENUM和SET。该节描述了这些类型如何工作以及如何在查询中使用这些类型。
CHAR和VARCHAR类型类似，但它们保存和检索的方式不同。它们的最大长度和是否尾部空格被保留等方面也不同。在存储或检索过程中不进行大小写转换。
BINARY和VARBINARY类类似于CHAR和VARCHAR，不同的是它们包含二进制字符串而不要非二进制字符串。也就是说，它们包含字节字符串而不是字符字符串。
BLOB是一个二进制大对象，可以容纳可变数量的数据。有4种BLOB类型：TINYBLOB、BLOB、MEDIUMBLOB和LONGBLOB。它们只是可容纳值的最大长度不同。
有4种TEXT类型：TINYTEXT、TEXT、MEDIUMTEXT和LONGTEXT。这些对应4种BLOB类型，有相同的最大长度和存储需求。
数据表操作
基础操作
-- 1.创建表（类似于一个excel表）
create table tab_name(
field1 type[完整性约束条件],
field2 type,
...
fieldn type
)[character set xxx];
-- 创建一个员工表employee
create table employee(
id int primary key auto_increment ,
name varchar(20),
gender bit default 1, -- gender char(1) default 1 ----- 或者 TINYINT(1)
birthday date, entry_date date, job varchar(20), salary double(4,2) unsigned, resume text -- 注意，这里作为最后一个字段不加逗号 ); /* 约束: primary key (非空且唯一) :能够唯一区分出当前记录的字段称为主键！ unique not null auto_increment 主键字段必须是数字类型。 外键约束 foreign key */ -- 2.查看表信息 desc tab_name 查看表结构 show columns from tab_name 查看表结构 show tables 查看当前数据库中的所有的表 show create table tab_name 查看当前数据库表建表语句 -- 3.修改表结构 -- (1)增加列(字段) alter table tab_name add [column] 列名 类型［完整性约束条件］［first｜after 字段名］; alter table user add addr varchar(20) not null unique first/after username; #添加多个字段 alter table users2 add addr varchar(20), add age int first, add birth varchar(20) after name; -- (2)修改一列类型 alter table tab_name modify 列名 类型 [完整性约束条件]［first｜after 字段名］; alter table users2 modify age tinyint default 20; alter table users2 modify age int after id; -- (3)修改列名 alter table tab_name change [column] 列名 新列名 类型 [完整性约束条件]［first｜after 字段名］; alter table users2 change age Age int default 28 first; -- (4)删除一列 alter table tab_name drop [column] 列名; -- 思考：删除多列呢？删一个填一个呢？ alter table users2 add salary float(6,2) unsigned not null after name, drop addr; -- (5)修改表名 rename table 表名 to 新表名; -- (6)修该表所用的字符集 alter table student character set utf8; -- 4.删除表 drop table tab_name; ---5 添加主键，删除主键 alter table tab_name add primary key(字段名称,...) alter table users drop primary key; eg: mysql> create table test5(num int auto_increment); ERROR 1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto column and it must be defined as a key create table test(num int primary key auto_increment); -- 思考，如何删除主键？ alter table test modify id int; -- auto_increment没了，但这样写主键依然存在，所以还要加上下面这句 alter table test drop primary key;-- 仅仅用这句也无法直接删除主键 -- 唯一索引 alter table tab_name add unique [index|key] [索引名称](字段名称,...) alter table users add unique(name)-- 索引值默认为字段名show create table users; alter table users add unique key user_name(name);-- 索引值为user_name -- 添加联合索引 alter table users add unique index name_age(name,age);#show create table users; -- 删除唯一索引 alter table tab_name drop {index|key} index_name
创建文章表
create table article(
id int primary key auto_increment ,
title varchar(20),
publish_date INT,
click_num INT,
is_top TINYINT(1),
content TEXT
);
完整性约束条件之主键约束
单字段主键
主键字段特点：非空且唯一
create table users(
id INT primary key,
name varchar(20),
city varchar(20)
);
多字段联合主键
create table users2(
id INT,
name varchar(20),
city varchar(20),
primary key(name,id)
);
<1> 一张表只能有一个主键
<2> 主键类型不一定非是整型
表纪录操作
表纪录之增，删，改
-- 1.增加一条记录insert
/*insert ［into］ tab_name (field1,filed2,.......) values (value1,value2,.......);*/
create table employee_new(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null unique,
birthday varchar(20),
salary float(7,2) ); insert into employee_new (id,name,birthday,salary) values (1,'simon','1990-09-09',9000); insert into employee_new values (2,'alex','1989-08-08',3000); insert into employee_new (name,salary) values ('xialv',1000); -- 插入多条数据 insert into employee_new values (4,'alvin1','1993-04-20',3000), (5,'alvin2','1995-05-12',5000); -- set插入: insert ［into］ tab_name set 字段名=值 insert into employee_new set id=12,name="alvin3"; -- 2.修改表记录 update tab_name set field1=value1,field2=value2,......[where 语句] /* UPDATE语法可以用新值更新原有表行中的各列。 SET子句指示要修改哪些列和要给予哪些值。 WHERE子句指定应更新哪些行。如没有WHERE子句，则更新所有的行。*/ update employee_new set birthday="1989-10-24" WHERE id=1; --- 将simon的薪水在原有基础上增加1000元。 update employee_new set salary=salary+4000 where name='simon'; -- 3.删除表纪录 delete from tab_name [where ....] /* 如果不跟where语句则删除整张表中的数据 delete只能用来删除一行记录 delete语句只能删除表中的内容，不能删除表本身，想要删除表，用drop TRUNCATE TABLE也可以删除表中的所有数据，词语句首先摧毁表，再新建表。此种方式删除的数据不能在 事务中恢复。*/ -- 删除表中名称为’alex’的记录。 delete from employee_new where name='alex'; -- 删除表中所有记录。 delete from employee_new;-- 注意auto_increment没有被重置:alter table employee auto_increment=1; -- 使用truncate删除表中记录。 truncate table emp_new;
思考：
<1> 存储时间用varchar可不可以呢？它与date数据类型又有什么区别呢？
<2> 表中数据三条，id分别为1，2，3，突然插入一个id＝7，那么下次作为主键的字增长的id会从几开始增长呢？(从7开始)
表纪录之查(单表查询)
-- 查询表达式
SELECT *|field1,filed2 ... FROM tab_name
WHERE 条件
GROUP BY field
HAVING 筛选
ORDER BY field
LIMIT 限制条数
---准备表
CREATE TABLE ExamResult(
id INT PRIMARY KEY auto_increment,
name VARCHAR (20),
JS DOUBLE ,
Django DOUBLE ,
OpenStack DOUBLE
);
INSERT INTO ExamResult VALUES (1,"simon",98,98,98), (2,"xialv",35,98,67), (3,"alex",59,59,62), (4,"wusir",88,89,82), (5,"alvin",88,98,67), (6,"simon",86,100,55); -- （1）select [distinct] *|field1，field2，...... from tab_name -- 其中from指定从哪张表筛选，*表示查找所有列，也可以指定一个列 -- 表明确指定要查找的列，distinct用来剔除重复行。 -- 查询表中所有学生的信息。 select * from ExamResult; -- 查询表中所有学生的姓名和对应的英语成绩。 select name,JS from ExamResult; -- 过滤表中重复数据。 select distinct JS ,name from ExamResult; -- （2）select 也可以使用表达式，并且可以使用: 字段 as 别名或者:字段 别名 -- 在所有学生分数上加10分特长分显示。 select name,JS+10,Django+10,OpenStack+10 from ExamResult; -- 统计每个学生的总分。 select name,JS+Django+OpenStack from ExamResult; -- 使用别名表示学生总分。 select name as 姓名,JS+Django+OpenStack as 总成绩 from ExamResult; select name,JS+Django+OpenStack 总成绩 from ExamResult; select name JS from ExamResult; -- what will happen?---->记得加逗号 -- （3）使用where子句，进行过滤查询。 -- 查询姓名为XXX的学生成绩 select * from ExamResult where name='simon'; -- 查询英语成绩大于90分的同学 select id,name,JS from ExamResult where JS>90; -- 查询总分大于200分的所有同学 select name,JS+Django+OpenStack as 总成绩 from ExamResult where JS+Django+OpenStack>200 ; -- where字句中可以使用： -- 比较运算符： > < >= <= <> != between 80 and 100 值在10到20之间 in(80,90,100) 值是10或20或30 like 'simon%' /* pattern可以是%或者_， 如果是%则表示任意多字符，此例如唐僧,唐国强 如果是_则表示一个字符唐_，只有唐僧符合。两个_则表示两个字符：__ */ -- 逻辑运算符 在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or not -- 练习 -- 查询JS分数在 70－100之间的同学。 select name ,JS from ExamResult where JS between 80 and 100; -- 查询Django分数为75,76,77的同学。 select name ,Django from ExamResult where Django in (75,98,77); -- 查询所有姓王的学生成绩。 select * from ExamResult where name like '王%'; -- 查询JS分>90，Django分>90的同学。 select id,name from ExamResult where JS>90 and Django >90; -- 查找缺考数学的学生的姓名 select name from ExamResult where Database is null; -- （4）Order by 指定排序的列，排序的列即可是表中的列名，也可以是select 语句后指定的别名。 -- select *|field1,field2... from tab_name order by field [Asc|Desc] -- Asc 升序、Desc 降序，其中asc为默认值 ORDER BY 子句应位于SELECT语句的结尾。 -- 练习： -- 对JS成绩排序后输出。 select * from ExamResult order by JS; -- 对总分排序按从高到低的顺序输出 select name ,(ifnull(JS,0)+ifnull(Django,0)+ifnull(Database,0)) 总成绩 from ExamResult order by 总成绩 desc; -- 对姓李的学生成绩排序输出 select name ,(ifnull(JS,0)+ifnull(Django,0)+ifnull(OpenStack,0)) 总成绩 from ExamResult where name like 'a%' order by 总成绩 desc; -- （5）group by 分组查询： CREATE TABLE order_menu( id INT PRIMARY KEY auto_increment, product_name VARCHAR (20), price FLOAT(6,2), born_date DATE, class VARCHAR (20) ); INSERT INTO order_menu (product_name,price,born_date,class) VALUES ("苹果",20,20170612,"水果"), ("香蕉",80,20170602,"水果"), ("水壶",120,20170612,"电器"), ("被罩",70,20170612,"床上用品"), ("音响",420,20170612,"电器"), ("床单",55,20170612,"床上用品"), ("草莓",34,20170612,"水果"); -- 注意,按分组条件分组后每一组只会显示第一条记录 -- group by字句，其后可以接多个列名，也可以跟having子句,对group by 的结果进行筛选。 -- 按位置字段筛选 select * from order_menu group by 5; -- 练习：对购物表按类名分组后显示每一组商品的价格总和 select class,SUM(price)from order_menu group by class; -- 练习：对购物表按类名分组后显示每一组商品价格总和超过150的商品 select class,SUM(price)from order_menu group by class HAVING SUM(price)>150; /* having 和 where两者都可以对查询结果进行进一步的过滤，差别有： <1>where语句只能用在分组之前的筛选，having可以用在分组之后的筛选； <2>使用where语句的地方都可以用having进行替换 <3>having中可以用聚合函数，where中就不行。 */ -- GROUP_CONCAT() 函数 SELECT id,GROUP_CONCAT(name),GROUP_CONCAT(JS) from ExamResult GROUP BY id; -- （6）聚合函数： 先不要管聚合函数要干嘛，先把要求的内容查出来再包上聚合函数即可。 -- (一般和分组查询配合使用) --<1> 统计表中所有记录 -- COUNT(列名)：统计行的个数 -- 统计一个班级共有多少学生？先查出所有的学生，再用count包上 select count(*) from ExamResult; -- 统计JS成绩大于70的学生有多少个？ select count(JS) from ExamResult where JS>70; -- 统计总分大于280的人数有多少？ select count(name) from ExamResult where (ifnull(JS,0)+ifnull(Django,0)+ifnull(OpenStack,0))>280; -- 注意:count(*)统计所有行; count(字段)不统计null值. -- SUM(列名)：统计满足条件的行的内容和 -- 统计一个班级JS总成绩？先查出所有的JS成绩，再用sum包上 select JS as JS总成绩 from ExamResult; select sum(JS) as JS总成绩 from ExamResult; -- 统计一个班级各科分别的总成绩 select sum(JS) as JS总成绩, sum(Django) as Django总成绩, sum(OpenStack) as OpenStack from ExamResult; -- 统计一个班级各科的成绩总和 select sum(ifnull(JS,0)+ifnull(Django,0)+ifnull(Database,0)) as 总成绩 from ExamResult; -- 统计一个班级JS成绩平均分 select sum(JS)/count(*) from ExamResult ; -- 注意：sum仅对数值起作用，否则会报错。 -- AVG(列名)： -- 求一个班级JS平均分？先查出所有的JS分，然后用avg包上。 select avg(ifnull(JS,0)) from ExamResult; -- 求一个班级总分平均分 select avg((ifnull(JS,0)+ifnull(Django,0)+ifnull(Database,0))) from ExamResult ; -- Max、Min -- 求班级最高分和最低分（数值范围在统计中特别有用） select Max((ifnull(JS,0)+ifnull(Django,0)+ifnull(OpenStack,0))) 最高分 from ExamResult; select Min((ifnull(JS,0)+ifnull(Django,0)+ifnull(OpenStack,0))) 最低分 from ExamResult; -- 求购物表中单价最高的商品名称及价格 ---SELECT id, MAX(price) FROM order_menu;--id和最高价商品是一个商品吗? SELECT MAX(price) FROM order_menu; -- 注意：null 和所有的数计算都是null，所以需要用ifnull将null转换为0！ -- -----ifnull(JS,0) -- with rollup的使用 --<2> 统计分组后的组记录 -- （7） 重点：Select from where group by having order by -- Mysql在执行sql语句时的执行顺序： -- from where select group by having order by -- 分析: select JS as JS成绩 from ExamResult where JS成绩 >70; ---- 不成功 select JS as JS成绩 from ExamResult having JS成绩 >90; --- 成功 -- (8) limit SELECT * from ExamResult limit 1; SELECT * from ExamResult limit 2,5;--跳过前两条显示接下来的五条纪录 SELECT * from ExamResult limit 2,2; --- (9) 使用正则表达式查询 SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name REGEXP '^yu'; SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name REGEXP 'yun$'; SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name REGEXP 'm{2}';
外键约束
创建外键
--- 每一个班主任会对应多个学生 , 而每个学生只能对应一个班主任
----主表
CREATE TABLE ClassCharger(
id TINYINT PRIMARY KEY auto_increment,
name VARCHAR (20),
age INT ,
is_marriged boolean -- show create table ClassCharger: tinyint(1)
);
INSERT INTO ClassCharger (name,age,is_marriged) VALUES ("冰冰",12,0), ("丹丹",14,0), ("歪歪",22,0), ("姗姗",20,0), ("小雨",21,0); ----子表 CREATE TABLE Student( id INT PRIMARY KEY auto_increment, name VARCHAR (20), charger_id TINYINT, --切记:作为外键一定要和关联主键的数据类型保持一致 -- [ADD CONSTRAINT charger_fk_stu]FOREIGN KEY (charger_id) REFERENCES ClassCharger(id) ) ENGINE=INNODB; INSERT INTO Student(name,charger_id) VALUES ("alvin1",2), ("alvin2",4), ("alvin3",1), ("alvin4",3), ("alvin5",1), ("alvin6",3), ("alvin7",2); DELETE FROM ClassCharger WHERE name="冰冰"; INSERT student (name,charger_id) VALUES ("simon",1); -- 删除居然成功,可是 alvin3显示还是有班主任id=1的冰冰的; -----------增加外键和删除外键--------- ALTER TABLE student ADD CONSTRAINT abc FOREIGN KEY(charger_id) REFERENCES classcharger(id); ALTER TABLE student DROP FOREIGN KEY abc;
INNODB支持的ON语句
--外键约束对子表的含义: 如果在父表中找不到候选键,则不允许在子表上进行insert/update
--外键约束对父表的含义: 在父表上进行update/delete以更新或删除在子表中有一条或多条对
-- 应匹配行的候选键时,父表的行为取决于：在定义子表的外键时指定的
-- on update/on delete子句
-----------------innodb支持的四种方式---------------------------------------
-----cascade方式 在父表上update/delete记录时，同步update/delete掉子表的匹配记录
-----外键的级联删除：如果父表中的记录被删除，则子表中对应的记录自动被删除--------
FOREIGN KEY (charger_id) REFERENCES ClassCharger(id)
ON DELETE CASCADE
------set null方式 在父表上update/delete记录时，将子表上匹配记录的列设为null
-- 要注意子表的外键列不能为not null
FOREIGN KEY (charger_id) REFERENCES ClassCharger(id)
ON DELETE SET NULL
------Restrict方式 :拒绝对父表进行删除更新操作(了解)
------No action方式 在mysql中同Restrict,如果子表中有匹配的记录,则不允许对父表对应候选键
-- 进行update/delete操作（了解）
多表查询
准备表
-- 准备两张表
-- company.employee
-- company.department
create table employee(
emp_id int auto_increment primary key not null,
emp_name varchar(50),
age int,
dept_id int
);
insert into employee(emp_name,age,dept_id) values
('A',19,200),
('B',26,201),
('C',30,201),
('D',24,202),
('E',20,200),
('F',38,204);
create table department(
dept_id int,
dept_name varchar(100)
);
insert into department values
(200,'人事部'),
(201,'技术部'),
(202,'销售部'),
(203,'财政部');
mysql> select * from employee;
+--------+----------+------+---------+
| emp_id | emp_name | age | dept_id |
+--------+----------+------+---------+
| 1 | A | 19 | 200 |
| 2 | B | 26 | 201 |
| 3 | C | 30 | 201 |
| 4 | D | 24 | 202 |
| 5 | E | 20 | 200 |
| 6 | F | 38 | 204 |
+--------+----------+------+---------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from department;
+---------+-----------+
| dept_id | dept_name |
+---------+-----------+
| 200 | 人事部 |
| 201 | 技术部 |
| 202 | 销售部 |
| 203 | 财政部 |
+---------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
多表查询之连接查询
1.笛卡尔积查询
mysql> SELECT * FROM employee,department; -- select employee.emp_id,employee.emp_name,employee.age, -- department.dept_name from employee,department; +--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+ | emp_id | emp_name | age | dept_id | dept_id | dept_name | +--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+ | 1 | A | 19 | 200 | 200 | 人事部 | | 1 | A | 19 | 200 | 201 | 技术部 | | 1 | A | 19 | 200 | 202 | 销售部 | | 1 | A | 19 | 200 | 203 | 财政部 | | 2 | B | 26 | 201 | 200 | 人事部 | | 2 | B | 26 | 201 | 201 | 技术部 | | 2 | B | 26 | 201 | 202 | 销售部 | | 2 | B | 26 | 201 | 203 | 财政部 | | 3 | C | 30 | 201 | 200 | 人事部 | | 3 | C | 30 | 201 | 201 | 技术部 | | 3 | C | 30 | 201 | 202 | 销售部 | | 3 | C | 30 | 201 | 203 | 财政部 | | 4 | D | 24 | 202 | 200 | 人事部 | | 4 | D | 24 | 202 | 201 | 技术部 | | 4 | D | 24 | 202 | 202 | 销售部 | | 4 | D | 24 | 202 | 203 | 财政部 | | 5 | E | 20 | 200 | 200 | 人事部 | | 5 | E | 20 | 200 | 201 | 技术部 | | 5 | E | 20 | 200 | 202 | 销售部 | | 5 | E | 20 | 200 | 203 | 财政部 | | 6 | F | 38 | 204 | 200 | 人事部 | | 6 | F | 38 | 204 | 201 | 技术部 | | 6 | F | 38 | 204 | 202 | 销售部 | | 6 | F | 38 | 204 | 203 | 财政部 | +--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
2.内连接
-- 查询两张表中都有的关联数据,相当于利用条件从笛卡尔积结果中筛选出了正确的结果。
select * from employee,department where employee.dept_id = department.dept_id;
--select * from employee inner join department on employee.dept_id = department.dept_id;
+--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
| emp_id | emp_name | age | dept_id | dept_id | dept_name |
+--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
| 1 | A | 19 | 200 | 200 | 人事部 |
| 2 | B | 26 | 201 | 201 | 技术部 |
| 3 | C | 30 | 201 | 201 | 技术部 |
| 4 | D | 24 | 202 | 202 | 销售部 |
| 5 | E | 20 | 200 | 200 | 人事部 |
+--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
3.外连接
--（1）左外连接：在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的结果
select * from employee left join department on employee.dept_id = department.dept_id;
+--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
| emp_id | emp_name | age | dept_id | dept_id | dept_name |
+--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
| 1 | A | 19 | 200 | 200 | 人事部 |
| 5 | E | 20 | 200 | 200 | 人事部 |
| 2 | B | 26 | 201 | 201 | 技术部 |
| 3 | C | 30 | 201 | 201 | 技术部 |
| 4 | D | 24 | 202 | 202 | 销售部 |
| 6 | F | 38 | 204 | NULL | NULL |
+--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
--（2）右外连接：在内连接的基础上增加右边有左边没有的结果
select * from employee RIGHT JOIN department on employee.dept_id = department.dept_id;
+--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
| emp_id | emp_name | age | dept_id | dept_id | dept_name |
+--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
| 1 | A | 19 | 200 | 200 | 人事部 |
| 2 | B | 26 | 201 | 201 | 技术部 |
| 3 | C | 30 | 201 | 201 | 技术部 |
| 4 | D | 24 | 202 | 202 | 销售部 |
| 5 | E | 20 | 200 | 200 | 人事部 |
| NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 203 | 财政部 |
+--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
--（3）全外连接：在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的和右边有左边没有的结果
-- mysql不支持全外连接 full JOIN
-- mysql可以使用此种方式间接实现全外连接
select * from employee RIGHT JOIN department on employee.dept_id = department.dept_id
UNION
select * from employee LEFT JOIN department on employee.dept_id = department.dept_id;
+--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
| emp_id | emp_name | age | dept_id | dept_id | dept_name |
+--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
| 1 | A | 19 | 200 | 200 | 人事部 |
| 2 | B | 26 | 201 | 201 | 技术部 |
| 3 | C | 30 | 201 | 201 | 技术部 |
| 4 | D | 24 | 202 | 202 | 销售部 |
| 5 | E | 20 | 200 | 200 | 人事部 |
| NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 203 | 财政部 |
| 6 | F | 38 | 204 | NULL | NULL |
+--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
-- 注意 union与union all的区别：union会去掉相同的纪录
多表查询之复合条件连接查询
-- 查询员工年龄大于等于25岁的部门
SELECT DISTINCT department.dept_name
FROM employee,department
WHERE employee.dept_id = department.dept_id
AND age>25;
--以内连接的方式查询employee和department表，并且以age字段的升序方式显示
select employee.emp_id,employee.emp_name,employee.age,department.dept_name
from employee,department
where employee.dept_id = department.dept_id
order by age asc;
多表查询之子查询
-- 子查询是将一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句中。
-- 内层查询语句的查询结果，可以为外层查询语句提供查询条件。
-- 子查询中可以包含：IN、NOT IN、ANY、ALL、EXISTS 和 NOT EXISTS等关键字
-- 还可以包含比较运算符：= 、 !=、> 、<等
-- 1. 带IN关键字的子查询
---查询employee表，但dept_id必须在department表中出现过
select * from employee
where dept_id IN
(select dept_id from department);
+--------+----------+------+---------+
| emp_id | emp_name | age | dept_id |
+--------+----------+------+---------+
| 1 | A | 19 | 200 |
| 2 | B | 26 | 201 |
| 3 | C | 30 | 201 |
| 4 | D | 24 | 202 |
| 5 | E | 20 | 200 |
+--------+----------+------+---------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
-- 2. 带比较运算符的子查询
-- =、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<>
-- 查询员工年龄大于等于25岁的部门
select dept_id,dept_name from department
where dept_id IN
(select DISTINCT dept_id from employee where age>=25);
-- 3. 带EXISTS关键字的子查询
-- EXISTS关字键字表示存在。在使用EXISTS关键字时，内层查询语句不返回查询的记录。
-- 而是返回一个真假值。Ture或False
-- 当返回Ture时，外层查询语句将进行查询；当返回值为False时，外层查询语句不进行查询
select * from employee
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT dept_name from department where dept_id=203);
--department表中存在dept_id=203，Ture
select * from employee
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT dept_name from department where dept_id=205);
-- Empty set (0.00 sec)
ps: create table t1(select * from t2);