"One of my history teacher had to make a bowl of pasta in history. He said many noodles were mixed together, the historian has to select a noodle, pull it out from among the other noodles, in order to depict About coherent picture of the past. I still think this is a good analogy. each pasta is a competitive truth. "
After the era of truth
Author: [English] Macdonald
Publisher: waves Shu Democracy and Construction Press
Exhibition ESRB: Kisakinami
Subtitle: When the truth is manipulated using, how do we look, how to listen, how to think
原作名: TRUTH：How the Many Sides to Every Story Shape Our Reality
Translator: Liu Ching-Shan
Published: 2019-7
Pages: 344
Price: 49.80 yuan
Binding: Paperback
ISBN: 9787513924443
01
—
The author views expressed in the book: we are faced with increasingly complex world, to see the truth in the media, often partial. The human brain naturally inclined to the story, like the simple story to explain the complex world, but the simple story is often one-sided subjective, plus a variety of natural human thinking errors such as bias confirmed, accepted the simple story of people, often to ignore negative information.
Point of view is not new, but the book cited many interesting cases. Most of these cases are British and American politicians and business marketing stories.
The most classic business case is De Beers is stunned by decades of marketing, to have been worthless, tiny diamond market, to advocate marriage process essential commodities.
More interesting is the story of the animal's name and fate. "Beetle" later renamed "crayfish" gradually onto the table, the Patagonian toothfish was renamed in the United States as "Chi Lihai perch", the United States gradually embarked on the table, have been overfished to the century post time, environmental protection has become a target. The United States has organized the Asian carp renamed "silver fin fish TM", Americans can expect to eat like this invasive species.
British opposition to a Theresa May's policy known as "dementia tax", to allow people to easily stand on their side.
Statistical figures are often used to support a one-sided truth, such as the classic Simpson's Paradox: When a hair longer than the average man walks into a bar, the bar is the average length of hair fell. How is this going? The man's hair more than the average man's hair length it!
作者在书的后面给出了后真相时代的应对措施：想要说法他人，就需要简单的消息、令人吃惊的见解、吸引眼球的数字、令人信服的故事和五彩缤纷的画面。另外，理智的读者面对简单的消息、令人吃惊的见解、吸引眼球的数字、令人信服的故事和五彩缤纷的画面，需要保持足够的警惕。
总体评价4星，不错。
02
—
以下是书中一些内容的摘抄：
1：后半部分的陈述同样真实。藜麦的价格的确提高了两倍。作为秘鲁和玻利维亚的主食之一,它对当地人来说的确更贵了。这些国家的藜麦消费量的确下降了。唯一不正确的就是结论,即西方的健康饮食者通过剥夺秘鲁和玻利维亚穷人的传统食物伤害了他们。P5
2：许多时候,你可以通过许多方式描述一个人、一起事件、一件事物或者一项政策,这些描述可能具有同等的真实性。我将它们称为“竞争性真相”(competing truth)。P6
3：在总结了他们提供的所有事实后,我在曼哈顿一间豪华经理套房里会见了公司总裁,问他想让我撰写公司的“黄金机遇”故事还是“燃烧平台”故事。P7
4：假设有人告诉我们,种植藜麦会破坏安第斯山的环境。三个月后,当某人提到藜麦的营养价值时,我们很可能会忽略、怀疑或遗忘这种信息。这是证实性偏差的一种形式。我们往往更容易接受与我们现有思维模式相符的真相,抗拒那些与我们内心观点相冲突的真相。P10
5：因此,我们可以毫不夸张地说,我们的许多思想和行为是由我们听到和读到的竞争性真相决定的。如果我们关心那些影响我们购买产品、支持政客、谴责公众人物或者为某项事业而斗争的因素,我们就需要理解竞争性真相的运作方式以及我们可以采取的行动。P11
6：复杂性策略#1：忽略。对于所有人来说,忽略是一个很自然的策略。我们不会在脸谱网上贴出有损形象的照片,不会在第一次约会时谈论我们打鼾的问题或者我们讨厌的亲戚。主题越复杂,忽略不利真相的机会就越大——因为其他方面可以说的事情太多了!P35
7：所以,贝尔波廷格炮制的大多数演讲、社交媒体帖子和口号都是真相。不过,该事务所之所以获得如此丰厚的报酬,是因为他们的行为转移了公众对于古普塔家族的注意力。他们使用这些真相是为了在高度紧张的政治环境中故意把水搅浑。P42
8：奥巴马和朱利安尼与这些丑闻没有任何关系,但他们的政治对手可以宣传关于他们周围人的片面真相,从而对他们造成很大的伤害。类似的策略被用于抹黑品牌、质疑科学发现和败坏许多人在公众心目中的形象。P45
9：本章的主题是复杂性,但它的观点很简单:我们面对的大多数问题和实体过于复杂,无法得到完整描述;我们不得不表述片面真相,因为生活过于复杂,我们无法做出全面的表述。因此,倡导者和误导者可以通过选择支持个人意图的真相来影响现实。P46
10：为什么要忽略如此重要的里程碑事件呢?也许,这是因为芬达是在纳粹德国发明的。在第二次世界大战以前,德国是可口可乐最成功的海外市场。不过,当战争导致贸易禁运时,德国的可口可乐分支机构无法进口制造可口可乐所必需的原料。P49
11：遗漏并不是撒谎。不过,以色列教材对巴勒斯坦浩劫的忽略对于以色列阿拉伯群体具有深远影响,而且会影响以色列年轻犹太人对于历史真相的认识。如果孩子们不知道他们的曾祖父曾经强迫几十万人离开祖祖辈辈生活的家园,那么他们可能很难对400万巴勒斯坦难民的持续困境产生同情。P54
12：小布什的众多诋毁者常常谈论对伊拉克的入侵和对卡特里娜飓风的迟钝反应。很少有人回忆总统的艾滋病救助紧急计划。该计划始于2003年,是全球最大的应对单一疾病的健康计划。布什成功地从美国政府预算中划拨出了150亿美元,用于在5年时间里支持发展中国家对人类免疫缺陷病毒和艾滋病的预防和治疗。P54
13：我的一位历史老师曾将历史比作一碗意大利面。他说,许多面条被混在了一起,历史学家需要选择一根面条,将其从其他面条之中抽出来,以便描绘出关于过去的连贯画面。我现在仍然觉得这是一个很好的比喻。每根意大利面都是一个竞争性真相。P60
14：实际上,人们普遍相信,德·霍利的许多作品目前仍然在世界各地的美术馆展出,而且被误认为出自更加著名的艺术家的手笔。德·霍利曾说过:“如果我的作品在博物馆悬挂足够长的时间,它就会变成真品。” P77
15：有天赋的演讲者有时可以通过设置背景提前决定人们对于一个问题的反应,从而赢得辩论。想培养孩子慷慨性格的父母有时会和孩子谈论没有任何玩具或者吃不饱的可怜孩子,以便让他们捐出零花钱。P83
16：不过,框架也可能阻碍人们达成一致。如果双方用完全不同的框架考虑一个复杂问题,那么他们不太可能找到共同的基础。巴以冲突就是一个悲剧案例: P84
17：考虑下面的谜题。当一个头发长度超过平均值的男人走进酒吧时,酒吧里的头发长度平均值却下降了。这是怎么回事?这个谜题很简单,但它体现了一个被称为“辛普森悖论”的统计学问题。它的问题在于,同样的数字可以传达两个完全不同的真相。P108
18：这很重要,因为群体和子群体层面的不同结论使美国政客同时得出了两个真相:工资上升了,工资下降了。大多数人从未听说过辛普森悖论,而且缺乏统计学培训,不知道两个如此矛盾的真相能够同时成立。因此,他们会相信他们听到的版本。P110
19：另一方面,如果汽车制造商发明了一款价格更低、更加高效的汽车,汽车和燃料支出可能都会下降,导致国内生产总值下降。所以,虽然国内生产总值被视作目前最好的国家经济健康指标,但是它的增长并不意味着快乐和幸福的增长。P112
20：我们在线听音乐,获取网络信息,玩多人游戏,寻找工作和伴侣,打造我们的人际网络,这给我们带来了巨大的价值。不过,由于所有这些事情不需要花一分钱,因此这些价值大部分被国内生产总值的统计数字忽略了。P113
21：这是故事作为沟通途径的真正价值:它们使复杂事物变得连贯而清晰。不过,我们为这种清晰和连贯付出了代价。故事的问题在于,它们具有高度选择性。坦率地说,故事无法给出完整的画面。它们是片面真相。P121
22：社会心理学家乔纳森·海特(Jonathan Haidt)确定了不同群体和文化在不同程度上强调的6个道德“基础”。他发现,自由主义者更加关心公平、关怀和自由,保守主义者则会用权威、忠诚和神圣来平衡这些价值观。P143
23：在西方世界的另一边,煽动者和反移民媒体成功炮制了一个新的竞争性真相:被之前几代人看作新思想、新企业、新能量和新文化来源的移民受到了广泛的排斥。这场运动对于北美和欧洲可能会产生长期而深远的政治和社会影响。P181
24：1938年,戴比尔斯找到了纽约艾耶父子广告公司,询问能否“通过各种形式的宣传”提升美国的钻石需求。他们的合作创造出了一个巨大的钻石市场——一个以订婚戒指为中心的市场。P193
25：不过,海盐是“天然的”,不是吗?这是一个非常古怪的想法。氯化钠就是氯化钠,不管它来自海水蒸馏、采矿还是钠和氯的实验室合成。它们在物质上没有区别。那么,营销人员所说的“天然”是什么意思呢?它没有任何法律或科学意义。P215
26：这项政策被一个名字扼杀了。在野的工党用一个古老但却仍然十分恶毒的词语“痴呆税”来轻蔑地描述这项新的提案。根据阿尔茨海默症协会的说法:“痴呆症患者面临着比其他群体更加昂贵的赡养成本,不得不用大部分财产支付赡养费用。这就是赡养费被称为'痴呆税'的原因。” P250
27：人们以起外号的方式进行了强烈抵制。谷歌眼镜用户很快被称为“眼镜混蛋”。这个词语产生了毁灭性的效果。不管你多么喜欢在欣赏落日时阅读电子邮件,或者像半机器人一样招摇过市以给人留下顶尖科技引领者的形象,你真的愿意被人贴上“眼镜混蛋”这个简洁的标签吗? P252
28：巴塔哥尼亚齿鱼不是迅速经历消费者发现、全球流行、种群崩溃和保护性抵制这一周期的唯一鱼类物种。鹅鱼和瘦头鱼都有过类似的经历。有刺狗鲨曾经是地球上最常见的鲨鱼,但是它们的数量减少了大约95%。P260
29: Unfortunately, most Americans do not like the Asian carp, although the fish to eat well, be regarded as delicious in home country China. Therefore, the chef Philippe Parola (Philippe Parola) draws on the experience of a team led by Li Hai Chi perch, the Asian carp renamed as "silver fin fish TM". P261
30: In the words of the Lenze Universal's web sites: In the political field, Dr. Frank Lenz our president redefined the context of the numerous problems ...... Lenze most famous work is to explain how the Americans " property tax "accurately called" death tax ". He pointed out that parents will not "school vouchers" debate, but they will discuss the "opportunity scholarships." He pointed out that Americans do not want "to drill for oil," but they want to "American energy exploration." P262
31: focus off the British debate on Europe is competing truth UK off European consequences. EU to send think to stay off Europe will lead to isolation, economic losses, insecurity, travel restrictions and even the disintegration of European order. EU to send think off off Europe will open a new era of world trade and the freedom to innovate, so that we get a new mode of cooperation with the European allies, for enhanced control over their own destiny. P280
32: When he was in 1965, the "People's Temple" to move to California, he called for equality, socialism and political activism of many young and selfless liberals resonated. They accepted his faith groups to join his church. P296
33: members of the "People's Temple" is a strong proof of this, many of them due to the need to support or concern racial equality and joined the group, but they eventually accepted the crazy belief Jim Jones propaganda. P303
34: If you want people to listen to your truth, you should pay attention to form. You should use simple message, surprising insights, eye-catching numbers, compelling stories and colorful pictures make an impression. P322
35: You can this book be seen as variations on the following theme: One thing usually have more than one true way of expression. We can constructively use of competitive truth, in order to make people interested, motivate them for action. At the same time, we should also beware of those with competing truth to mislead our communicators. P324
The End