Reason can be learned, even easier than intelligence acquisition: 4 Stars

" Since our brains will install a variety of mental programs, then there is a good mental procedures and bad mental program. Stan Norwich will be able to promote knowledge of human reason is called rational crystal accelerator (Crystallized Facilitators) , including five categories of knowledge .1 probabilistic reasoning: if you know the baseline probability; "

Mode of life

Author: Yang Zhiping

Publisher: Electronic Industry Press

Chupin: open intellectual school

Subtitle: identify and optimize your core awareness

Published: 2019-9-1

Pages: 348

Price: 58.00

Binding: Hardcover

Series: Chi open library

ISBN: 9787121371219

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Since the build-up of 2006 published 24 articles. Each article has a post and publish channels, which is more kind.

The main contents concentrated in the field of cognitive science. There are several devoted to the experience of reading and writing skills.

Higher concentrations of information is one of several related to the preamble of writing, there are many relatively new cognitive science knowledge and Progress (summarized the contents of the book can be seen as a prelude to the corresponding), and some authors Summary of related fields.

The book did not explain the author's academic background, did not explain graduated from college, he explained the author read a psychology degree, explained the large amount of reading, like reading a book rather hard core.

The book deal with more professional information sources, detailed notes and references. Notes and References There are 30 pages.

I think the important information and ideas in the book:

1: facial expressions can not reveal the emotions behind;

2: Rational can be learned, even easier than intelligence acquisition;

3: There are countless people can enhance mental abilities of scientific concepts, what the average person should have the most? Answer: a double-blind experiment;

4: Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory point of view the most important - the underlying demand for high-level constraints demand, not evidence to support;

5: long-term working memory and it is an important distinction for excellence by the ability of the average person, point and essence of it is the deliberate practice;

6: Erickson evidence of deliberate practice more in less complex cognitive activities, higher awareness of the complexity of the activities, limited role;

7: Adult learning the best way to practice is not alone, but to learn in context;

8: from weight loss, smoking cessation, and then writing procrastination, experimental data show that the intention to complete the planned execution probability is often more than twice the usual manner;

9: It is possible to understand their own self through practice rather than through self-examination;

10: Qian and Nabokov such writer, not without difficulty practicing accidentally mastered the essential principles through self. Therefore, they often do not write notes at the time, but after a lapse of a few hours, then go back dictation reading notes or a diary.

After 22 books recommended this book, I've seen "thinking, fast and slow," "heart flow" , "sense of style" three, the remaining 19 are most interested in. "Sense of style" I evaluation is not high, speak English writing, translated into Chinese is not suitable for direct read English.

4 stars overall assessment, yes.

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The following are some of the content of the book excerpt:

1: As Professor Barrett said, the current market popular sentiment concept has three misconceptions. 1) to show emotion on the face, we can come through cognitive emotional expression. In fact, facial expressions can not reveal the emotions behind when decontextualized, relying on facial expressions, it is easy to make the wrong assumptions about other people's emotions. P11

2: human extrinsic motivation, intrinsic points, while demand constitutes human motivation, not similar to Maslow's hierarchy of needs is emphasized as a progressive step by step. In order to be happy, always in pursuit of three basic human psychological needs. 1) a sense of ownership; 2) sense of competence; 3) belonging. P12

3: Life is like a seesaw game. You will be constrained two forces, one is from the fame and fortune, reward, punishment, represented by "external control"; one is the "self-control" comes from interest, curiosity as the representative. People only twenty-four hours a day on the compromise, the more external control, the more can not be independent; more emphasis on external rewards, the more good at dealing with its own internal clock. P33

4: After the birth of positive psychology, mind flow naturally become the cornerstone of positive psychology. If positive psychology is committed to reveal the secret of human happiness from a scientific point of view, the heart of a beautiful stream answered:? Your moment of happiness is what P39

5: What is the rational barriers such as US President George W. Bush of normal intelligence test scores, but he has some obvious cognitive deficits, these cognitive deficits impair his ability to make rational decisions?. These cognitive deficits, if we take the dyslexia (Dyslexia) analogy, like those who have normal intelligence but can not read properly, like, P47

6：近些年来,斯坦诺维奇与埃文斯等合作的论文,否定了通过卡尼曼的畅销书《思考,快与慢》的宣传而广为人知的“双系统理论”,而更倾向于使用“双过程理论”描述人类大脑工作的两种不同进程。P50

7：卡尼曼问道:“智力和理性之间的区别是否会引出更多的新发现,时间最终会告知我们答案。”这个答案已揭晓。它就是斯坦诺维奇提出的人类心智的“三重心智模型”。51

8：什么是工作记忆?你可以将人类大脑想象为一个简化的输入输出装置。制约这个装置输入输出速率的是工作记忆。它是人类所有能力,包括阅读速度、记忆、注意、执行的瓶颈。这个瓶颈受制于人类进化早期出现的前额皮层。因为工作记忆的瓶颈,导致进程2是个“慢慢想,仔细计算”的过程。P52

9：斯坦诺维奇注意到传统智力理论作为考察人类认知能力的理论,缺失了两种机制:自主心智与反省心智。因此,斯坦诺维奇重新定义了人类的认知能力,将其分成自主心智、算法心智与反省心智三种。这就是斯坦诺维奇的三重心智模型(如下图所示)。P55

10：那么,理性是否可以习得?斯坦诺维奇的答案坚定不移:理性可以习得,甚至比智力更容易习得。既然可以将人的智力分成流体智力与晶体智力两种,那么同样地,仿照智力领域的CHC理论,我们可以将人们的理性分为流体理性(Fluid Rationality)与晶体理性(Crystallized Rationality)两种。P56

11：其中流体理性更多是指人类大脑早期习得的模式,比如人人都是“认知吝啬鬼”;晶体理性更多的是关乎后天习得的能够增进理性的知识,比如概率知识有助于增进我们的理性。斯坦诺维奇整理了人类最重要的13个流体理性 P56

12：既然我们的大脑会安装各种各样的心智程序,那么,有好的心智程序,也有坏的心智程序。斯坦诺维奇将能够促进人类理性的知识称为晶体理性促进剂(Crystallized Facilitators),主要包括5大类知识。1.概率推理:如明白基线概率;P57

13：将世界最聪明的头脑汇聚在同一房间中的Edge.org,曾经提过一个有意思的问题:有无数能够增进人们心智能力的科学概念,普通人最应掌握的是什么?答:双盲实验。P57

14：同样,那些阻碍人类理性的心智程序,斯坦诺维奇则将其称为晶体理性抑制剂(Crystallized Inhibitors),主要包括8大类“知识”：1.信仰超自然与迷信;2.信仰直觉;3.过度依赖民间智慧与民间心理学;4.信仰“特殊”的专业知识; P57

15：德西等人在这份研究报告中,对过去30年128项实验研究进行审慎调查,结论是:外部奖励削弱内在动机。这场争论使得在动机心理学中,自我决定论令人信服地领先于其他研究模型。P77

16：究竟是马斯洛层次需求论更靠谱还是自我决定论三种基本需求论更靠谱?埃德·迪纳(Ed Diener)等人借助盖洛普调查,做了一项大型研究。在2005年到2010年,对123个国家十多万人调查发现,马斯洛层次需求论最重要的观点——底层需求制约高层需求,没有得到证据支持。P86

17：西蒙在文中首次提出专业技能习得的“十年定律”(Ten-year Rule)。他推测,国际象棋大师能够在长时记忆系统中存储5万~10万个棋局组块,获得这些专业知识大概需要10年。这就是西蒙的“十年定律”。P92

18：事实上,艾利克森的“刻意练习”的核心观点是,那些处于中上水平的人,拥有一种较强的记忆能力——长时工作记忆(Long-term Working Memory).长时工作记忆正是区分卓越者与一般人的一项重要能力,它才是刻意练习的指向与本质。P95

19：目前对刻意练习最大的批评是,艾利克森关于刻意练习的证据多在认知复杂度较低的活动,对认知复杂度较高的活动,作用有限.P98

20：学习科学的大量研究表明,成人的最佳学习方式并非独自练习,而是在情境中学习。有效的学习方式是进入相关情境,找到自己的“学习共同体”(Learning Community),学习者刚开始围绕共同体里的重要成员转,做一些外围的工作。随着技能增长,渐渐进入“学习共同体”圈子的核心,做越来越重要的工作,最终成为专家。P99

21：什么是执行意图?就是使用“如果·....·那么.....”(If...Then...)的句式来制定目标。你可以将“我要在2015年减肥10斤”改写为“如果现在是周一清晨上班前,那么我就去晨跑”。P103

22：从减肥、戒烟、写作再到拖延症,实验数据表明,执行意图完成计划的概率往往是常规方式的两倍以上。P104

23：大多数人被教导,在改变职业生涯之前,先要了解自己。你需要对自己的性格、需要、能力、核心价值和优先考虑的事项进行了解与详细分析。然而,这种做法植根于一个错误的观念——认为人们有可能发掘“真实的自我”(TrueSelf).P117

24：而在西方心理学看来,根据马库斯的定义,“可能的自我”是三我:希望我,预期我和恐惧我。1）希望我:希望自己达到的自我。2）预期我:预期自己能达到的自我。3）恐惧我:害怕自己成为什么样的人或自我。P118

25：通过“可能的自我”的观念来反思传统职业规划的错误,你会发现以下几点。1.你不可能通过在头脑中的反省来发现可能的自我。人们是通过实践而不是通过反省来了解到自己可能的自我。P118

26：自我评价、亲朋好友的忠告,以及职业咨询专家的意见都帮不了真正的忙。我们真正需要的是曾经有过相同经历并了解自己方向的指引者。打破框框并获得心理支持的最佳途径是:跳出我们平时生活的圈子,去接触新的朋友、新的交际网络和专业群体。P119

27：当各种“可能的自我”漫无目的地变来变去时,使职业生涯转变产生的唯一途径就是把我们各种可能的身份变成现实,然后不断地对这些身份进行锻造,直到我们积累的实际经验足够丰富,能够指导我们采取更有决定意义的行动为止。P121

28：大多数人都会幻想自己想要成为的那个人,却忘了最重要的事情:立即行动!转变职业生涯的最佳方法是立即将至少一种选择代入现实进行考量.P122

29：共同活动原则侧重的则是,我们应该与什么样的人交往。要想告别过去,你必须敢于涉足未知的关系网络,这不仅仅是为了寻找新的门路,更重要的是真正发现自己想成为什么样的人。因为最有可能帮助我们认识真正自我的人,往往是那些我们不熟悉的人。P123

30：每年智商提高0.3%左右,每10年提高3到5个点左右,每30年提高12到20个点左右。这就是著名的弗林效应(Flynn Effect)。这位好奇的科学家就是詹姆斯·弗林(James R. Flynn).P127

31：人的自尊体系非常有趣。一个人身为“标准七”,会自以为是“标准八”,会与更多“标准八”的人“平行比较”,但一般不会与“标准九”的人比较。这就是认知偏差中常常提到的“过度自信偏差”“乐观偏差”等。P132

32：当一个“标准七”在标准五区间待久了,他会变得更有自信。另一个相反的极端是,“标准七”在标准八、标准九区间待久了,会降低自我评价。这就是教育心理学史上著名的大鱼小池塘效应(Big-Fish-Little-Pond Effect,简称为BFLPE效应)。P133

33：如果“标准六”比较幸运地遇到良师益友:他们处于标准八区间,性格友善,善于做榜样,正面鼓励人……那么,原本的“标准六”会慢慢跃迁到标准七乃至标准八区间,这就是皮格马利翁效应(Pygmalion Effect). P133

34：研究者写道:(首先进行)对自己有利的比较,可能会让受试者对随后进行的向上比较产生的威胁拥有了“免疫力”。受试者无需非难或疏远分数更高的那个人,因为他们已经知道,自己的表现比另一个同学更好;其结果就是,情感信任就此保留下来。P136

35：钱锺书、纳博科夫这类作家,无不是通过自我修炼无意中掌握了必要难度原理。所以,他们往往不会当时写笔记,而是时隔几个小时,再回去默写读书笔记或者写日记。P156

36：相对来说,我更喜欢阅读纸质书。心理学家通过实验发现,大脑偏爱纸质书。对于好书和需要深度研读的图书,最好以纸质书为主。电子书在元认知、记忆回放、深度理解、工作记忆加工、注意力持续时间上弱于纸质书。P159

37：如果将时间、空间摊平来看,每个人不过是一只在三维空间上爬行的蚂蚁。为了更好地看清你所在蚂蚁部落的爬行轨迹,布迪厄发明了“社会空间”图示法来描述人们的阶层跃迁。P224

38：目前,在西方婚恋理论之中,一直占据主导地位的是爱情的三元理论,将爱情分成激情、亲密与承诺三个成分,并根据这三个成分的多少,将爱情划分为八个种类。P242

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Reason can be learned, even easier than intelligence acquisition: 4 Stars | Yang Zhiping "mode of life"

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