1, process (process)
a. The default daemon
b. the program will start its own program process ---- a normal process
Not all processes can directly call the system call to direct the use of hardware resources.
Most of the ordinary process can not go directly to the hardware resources by calling system call, they need to use the library to run properly on your system.
Library file
.dll file system --- Winows
.os -------- Linux system
shell ----- Linux operating system is the most common way to interact
zash bash (basic) cash kash ---- interactively
Interactive graphics on Linux systems, is also a regular application (can not install)
Common graphics program:
WHERE
GNOME
xfce
...
2, the structure of the operating system
hardware equipment
|
kernel--------------------
| system call |
Applications library files
|
Ordinary process (special: interactive shell (management system))
3, the operating system's history
In order to achieve batch processing work: Bell Labs --- ---- GE General MIT Mutices
Bell Labs and MIT withdraw from the project, while a young Bell Labs scientist Ken Thomson, space travel in order to run the game
DPD-7-based operating system, and is willing to develop its own operating system on a Unix (assembly language)
|
In 1973 Ken and his colleagues ---- C language (B improved language), C language rewrite Unix
|
----- BSD willing to teach at the University of California, Berkeley
Problem: while sales of this BSD and Unix operating systems in the US market, this time, both for large bee ---------- copyright issues for 10 years.
|
Microsoft stood up (because of US antitrust laws ---- AT & T company was split (Unix source code is provided free of charge))
|
-----------------------------------------------------------
| | |
IBM SUN HP
AIX SUNos HP-UNIX (this is the most common of the minicomputer market minicomputer operating system) |
| 1980 years later, the United States Richard Stallman launched the GNU Project - Open Source
Around 1989, a university in the Netherlands to an old professor to the students, do not want to buy the Unix operating system |
So I wrote a minix operating system |
| |
Around 1991, LINUX system on the basis of minix on the development of the amount of the first Linux operating system (* KERNEL *) ------------------------- -------------------------- GNU / Linux
4, the kernel and the GNU / Linux version of the problem
Kernel version:
kernel
GNU / Linux version:
Publisher version
| ----- ---- Linux Red Hat
|-----debian---ubuntu
Common Publisher version:
redhat ------- service charges
CentOS
fedore
openSUSE (Europe)
debian (safety)
ubuntu
5, open source system
a.GNU (GUN is Not Unix) GNU Project: The commercial version of the open source software program plan.
Follow the GPL agreement: If you plan to use the GNU open source code, you must move all the code corresponding to be open source.
b.BSD
c.Apache
|
Do site itself started community
|
Hadoop project in 2000 after top-level project called Apache project
Linux installation and Introduction
1, the installation
[Blog: error screenshots experiment and the way you solve the problem (write clearly their own platform)]
a \ operating system is installed directly on the hardware device (not recommended)
b \ using VMM management platform to install (a virtual machine)
(VMM management platform: VMware workstations, Virtialbox)
Choose language
|
Choose Keyboard
|
Selected time zone
|
Write hostname
|
Define the root password (superuser)
|
Dividing up the disk space (divided into three partitions must Hua: / boot (start) swsp (exchange) / (root partition)
Take a snapshot, if an error occurs, you can restore the snapshot.
Common use basic Linux commands:
LS // display file information
pwd // Display the current path
cd // switch to the target directory
Touch // modification timestamp
stat ----- (time to modify file attributes or permissions) atime (last access time) mtime (modification time of file contents) ctime
Mkdir // Create a folder
Rm // delete a folder
clear // clear screen = Ctrl + L