Backpropagation neural network reproduced _ [Mechine Learning & Algorithm] Neural network infrastructure

An online introduction to a very good back-propagation algorithm neural network algorithm examples. Description link

Speaking of neural networks, we see this figure should not be unfamiliar:

 

　　This is the basic configuration of a typical three-layer neural network, Layer L1 is the input layer, Layer L2 is hidden layer, Layer L3 is hidden layer, we now have a bunch of data hands {x1, x2, x3, ..., xn}, but also a bunch of data output {y1, y2, y3, ..., yn}, they now want to do some transformation in the hidden layer, so that after you get your data filling into the desired output. If you want your output and the original input, as it is the most common self-coding model (Auto-Encoder). Some may ask, why should the input and output are the same? Any functions? In fact, very wide application in image recognition, text classification, etc. will be used, I will specifically write an Auto-Encoder to illustrate the article, including some variants like. If your original input and output are not the same, it is very common artificial neural network, and the equivalent of raw data to obtain an output data we want through a map, that is, we talk about the topic of today.

　　This article directly give an example, demonstrate the value into the process of back-propagation method, derivation of the formula until the next time the write Auto-Encoder to write, in fact, very simple, interested students can try to derive lower yourself:) ( Note: This article assumes you already know the basic neural network structure, if fully understand, can refer to written notes Poll: [Mechine Learning & Mathimatics-Numerical algorithms] neural network infrastructure )

　　Suppose you have such a network layer:

　　The first layer is the input layer comprising two neurons i1, i2, and intercept B1; The second layer is a hidden layer of neurons comprises two h1, h2 and intercept b2, the third layer is the output o1 , o2, wi is the weight of each line is connected between the subject layer and the weight of the layer, the activation function is a sigmoid function we default.

　　Now the initial value assigned to them, as shown below:

　　Wherein the input data i1 = 0.05, i2 = 0.10;

　　　　　输出数据 o1=0.01,o2=0.99;

　　　　　初始权重  w1=0.15,w2=0.20,w3=0.25,w4=0.30;

　　　　　　　　　  w5=0.40,w6=0.45,w7=0.50,w8=0.55

 

　　目标：给出输入数据i1,i2(0.05和0.10)，使输出尽可能与原始输出o1,o2(0.01和0.99)接近。

 

　　Step 1 前向传播

　　1.输入层---->隐含层：

　　计算神经元h1的输入加权和：

神经元h1的输出o1:(此处用到激活函数为sigmoid函数)：

 

 

　　同理，可计算出神经元h2的输出o2：

　　

 

　　2.隐含层---->输出层：

　　计算输出层神经元o1和o2的值：

　　

 

这样前向传播的过程就结束了，我们得到输出值为[0.75136079 , 0.772928465]，与实际值[0.01 , 0.99]相差还很远，现在我们对误差进行反向传播，更新权值，重新计算输出。

 

Step 2 反向传播

1.计算总误差

总误差：(square error)

但是有两个输出，所以分别计算o1和o2的误差，总误差为两者之和：

 

2.隐含层---->输出层的权值更新：

以权重参数w5为例，如果我们想知道w5对整体误差产生了多少影响，可以用整体误差对w5求偏导求出：（链式法则）

下面的图可以更直观的看清楚误差是怎样反向传播的：

现在我们来分别计算每个式子的值：

计算：

计算：

（这一步实际上就是对sigmoid函数求导，比较简单，可以自己推导一下）

 

计算：

最后三者相乘：

这样我们就计算出整体误差E(total)对w5的偏导值。

回过头来再看看上面的公式，我们发现：

为了表达方便，用来表示输出层的误差：

因此，整体误差E(total)对w5的偏导公式可以写成：

如果输出层误差计为负的话，也可以写成：

最后我们来更新w5的值：

（其中，是学习速率，这里我们取0.5）

同理，可更新w6,w7,w8:

 

3.隐含层---->隐含层的权值更新：

　方法其实与上面说的差不多，但是有个地方需要变一下，在上文计算总误差对w5的偏导时，是从out(o1)---->net(o1)---->w5,但是在隐含层之间的权值更新时，是out(h1)---->net(h1)---->w1,而out(h1)会接受E(o1)和E(o2)两个地方传来的误差，所以这个地方两个都要计算。

 

 

计算：

先计算：

同理，计算出：

　　　　　　　　　　

两者相加得到总值：

再计算：

再计算：

最后，三者相乘：

 为了简化公式，用sigma(h1)表示隐含层单元h1的误差：

最后，更新w1的权值：

同理，额可更新w2,w3,w4的权值：

 

　　这样误差反向传播法就完成了，最后我们再把更新的权值重新计算，不停地迭代，在这个例子中第一次迭代之后，总误差E(total)由0.298371109下降至0.291027924。迭代10000次后，总误差为0.000035085，输出为[0.015912196,0.984065734](原输入为[0.01,0.99]),证明效果还是不错的。

#coding:utf-8
import random
import math

#
#   参数解释：
#   "pd_" ：偏导的前缀
#   "d_" ：导数的前缀
#   "w_ho" ：隐含层到输出层的权重系数索引
#   "w_ih" ：输入层到隐含层的权重系数的索引

class NeuralNetwork:
    LEARNING_RATE = 0.5

    def __init__(self, num_inputs, num_hidden, num_outputs, hidden_layer_weights = None, hidden_layer_bias = None, output_layer_weights = None, output_layer_bias = None):
        self.num_inputs = num_inputs

        self.hidden_layer = NeuronLayer(num_hidden, hidden_layer_bias)
        self.output_layer = NeuronLayer(num_outputs, output_layer_bias)

        self.init_weights_from_inputs_to_hidden_layer_neurons(hidden_layer_weights)
        self.init_weights_from_hidden_layer_neurons_to_output_layer_neurons(output_layer_weights)

    def init_weights_from_inputs_to_hidden_layer_neurons(self, hidden_layer_weights):
        weight_num = 0
        for h in range(len(self.hidden_layer.neurons)):
            for i in range(self.num_inputs):
                if not hidden_layer_weights:
                    self.hidden_layer.neurons[h].weights.append(random.random())
                else:
                    self.hidden_layer.neurons[h].weights.append(hidden_layer_weights[weight_num])
                weight_num += 1

    def init_weights_from_hidden_layer_neurons_to_output_layer_neurons(self, output_layer_weights):
        weight_num = 0
        for o in range(len(self.output_layer.neurons)):
            for h in range(len(self.hidden_layer.neurons)):
                if not output_layer_weights:
                    self.output_layer.neurons[o].weights.append(random.random())
                else:
                    self.output_layer.neurons[o].weights.append(output_layer_weights[weight_num])
                weight_num += 1

    def inspect(self):
        print('------')
        print('* Inputs: {}'.format(self.num_inputs))
        print('------')
        print('Hidden Layer')
        self.hidden_layer.inspect()
        print('------')
        print('* Output Layer')
        self.output_layer.inspect()
        print('------')

    def feed_forward(self, inputs):
        hidden_layer_outputs = self.hidden_layer.feed_forward(inputs)
        return self.output_layer.feed_forward(hidden_layer_outputs)

    def train(self, training_inputs, training_outputs):
        self.feed_forward(training_inputs)

        # 1. 输出神经元的值
        pd_errors_wrt_output_neuron_total_net_input = [0] * len(self.output_layer.neurons)
        for o in range(len(self.output_layer.neurons)):

            # ∂E/∂zⱼ
            pd_errors_wrt_output_neuron_total_net_input[o] = self.output_layer.neurons[o].calculate_pd_error_wrt_total_net_input(training_outputs[o])

        # 2. 隐含层神经元的值
        pd_errors_wrt_hidden_neuron_total_net_input = [0] * len(self.hidden_layer.neurons)
        for h in range(len(self.hidden_layer.neurons)):

            # dE/dyⱼ = Σ ∂E/∂zⱼ * ∂z/∂yⱼ = Σ ∂E/∂zⱼ * wᵢⱼ
            d_error_wrt_hidden_neuron_output = 0
            for o in range(len(self.output_layer.neurons)):
                d_error_wrt_hidden_neuron_output += pd_errors_wrt_output_neuron_total_net_input[o] * self.output_layer.neurons[o].weights[h]

            # ∂E/∂zⱼ = dE/dyⱼ * ∂zⱼ/∂
            pd_errors_wrt_hidden_neuron_total_net_input[h] = d_error_wrt_hidden_neuron_output * self.hidden_layer.neurons[h].calculate_pd_total_net_input_wrt_input()

        # 3. 更新输出层权重系数
        for o in range(len(self.output_layer.neurons)):
            for w_ho in range(len(self.output_layer.neurons[o].weights)):

                # ∂Eⱼ/∂wᵢⱼ = ∂E/∂zⱼ * ∂zⱼ/∂wᵢⱼ
                pd_error_wrt_weight = pd_errors_wrt_output_neuron_total_net_input[o] * self.output_layer.neurons[o].calculate_pd_total_net_input_wrt_weight(w_ho)

                # Δw = α * ∂Eⱼ/∂wᵢ
                self.output_layer.neurons[o].weights[w_ho] -= self.LEARNING_RATE * pd_error_wrt_weight

        # 4. 更新隐含层的权重系数
        for h in range(len(self.hidden_layer.neurons)):
            for w_ih in range(len(self.hidden_layer.neurons[h].weights)):

                # ∂Eⱼ/∂wᵢ = ∂E/∂zⱼ * ∂zⱼ/∂wᵢ
                pd_error_wrt_weight = pd_errors_wrt_hidden_neuron_total_net_input[h] * self.hidden_layer.neurons[h].calculate_pd_total_net_input_wrt_weight(w_ih)

                # Δw = α * ∂Eⱼ/∂wᵢ
                self.hidden_layer.neurons[h].weights[w_ih] -= self.LEARNING_RATE * pd_error_wrt_weight

    def calculate_total_error(self, training_sets):
        total_error = 0
        for t in range(len(training_sets)):
            training_inputs, training_outputs = training_sets[t]
            self.feed_forward(training_inputs)
            for o in range(len(training_outputs)):
                total_error += self.output_layer.neurons[o].calculate_error(training_outputs[o])
        return total_error

class NeuronLayer:
    def __init__(self, num_neurons, bias):

        # 同一层的神经元共享一个截距项b
        self.bias = bias if bias else random.random()

        self.neurons = []
        for i in range(num_neurons):
            self.neurons.append(Neuron(self.bias))

    def inspect(self):
        print('Neurons:', len(self.neurons))
        for n in range(len(self.neurons)):
            print(' Neuron', n)
            for w in range(len(self.neurons[n].weights)):
                print('  Weight:', self.neurons[n].weights[w])
            print('  Bias:', self.bias)

    def feed_forward(self, inputs):
        outputs = []
        for neuron in self.neurons:
            outputs.append(neuron.calculate_output(inputs))
        return outputs

    def get_outputs(self):
        outputs = []
        for neuron in self.neurons:
            outputs.append(neuron.output)
        return outputs

class Neuron:
    def __init__(self, bias):
        self.bias = bias
        self.weights = []

    def calculate_output(self, inputs):
        self.inputs = inputs
        self.output = self.squash(self.calculate_total_net_input())
        return self.output

    def calculate_total_net_input(self):
        total = 0
        for i in range(len(self.inputs)):
            total += self.inputs[i] * self.weights[i]
        return total + self.bias

    # 激活函数sigmoid
    def squash(self, total_net_input):
        return 1 / (1 + math.exp(-total_net_input))


    def calculate_pd_error_wrt_total_net_input(self, target_output):
        return self.calculate_pd_error_wrt_output(target_output) * self.calculate_pd_total_net_input_wrt_input();

    # 每一个神经元的误差是由平方差公式计算的
    def calculate_error(self, target_output):
        return 0.5 * (target_output - self.output) ** 2

    
    def calculate_pd_error_wrt_output(self, target_output):
        return -(target_output - self.output)

    
    def calculate_pd_total_net_input_wrt_input(self):
        return self.output * (1 - self.output)


    def calculate_pd_total_net_input_wrt_weight(self, index):
        return self.inputs[index]


# 文中的例子:

nn = NeuralNetwork(2, 2, 2, hidden_layer_weights=[0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3], hidden_layer_bias=0.35, output_layer_weights=[0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55], output_layer_bias=0.6)
for i in range(10000):
    nn.train([0.05, 0.1], [0.01, 0.09])
    print(i, round(nn.calculate_total_error([[[0.05, 0.1], [0.01, 0.09]]]), 9))


#另外一个例子，可以把上面的例子注释掉再运行一下:

# training_sets = [
#     [[0, 0], [0]],
#     [[0, 1], [1]],
#     [[1, 0], [1]],
#     [[1, 1], [0]]
# ]

# nn = NeuralNetwork(len(training_sets[0][0]), 5, len(training_sets[0][1]))
# for i in range(10000):
#     training_inputs, training_outputs = random.choice(training_sets)
#     nn.train(training_inputs, training_outputs)
#     print(i, nn.calculate_total_error(training_sets))