Java technology data types and variable -4-

 

variable

Variable is the concept of junior high school algebra mathematics, for example, a simple equation, x, y are variables.

In Java variables are divided into two types:

  •  The basic types of variables;
  • Reference type variable;

The basic types of variables;

Java, variables must be defined before use, you can define an initial value to variables such as:

you x = 1 ;
you y = 2 ;
you z;

This statement defines an integer inttype of variable does not write his initial value is equivalent to specify a default value, the default value is always 0;

Here is a complete definition of variables, variables and print examples:

public  class the Main {
     public  static  void main (String [] args) {
         int X = 100; // definition of the variable value 100; 
        System.out.println (X); // print variable values; 
    } 
}   

An important feature of variable is reassigned.

public  class the Main {
     public  static  void main (String [] args) {
         int X = 100; // define a variable of type int x, and given an initial value 100 
        System.out.println (X); // print the value of the variable, observe whether the 100 
        X = 200; // reassign 200 
        System.out.println (X); // print the value of the variable to see whether 200 
    } 
}

Noting the first time the definition of variables xwhen you need to specify the variable type int, so use statement int x = 100;. And when the second re-assignment, the variable xalready exists, and can not be redefined, and therefore can not specify the variable type int, you must use the statement x = 200;.

Variables can not only re-assigned, can also be assigned to other variables.

public  class the Main {
     public  static  void main (String [] args) {
         int n = 100; // definition of the variable n, assigned to the same time 100 
        System.out.println ( "n =" + n); // print the value of n 

        n = 200; // variable n is assigned 200 
        System.out.println ( "n =" + n); // print the value of n 

        int x = n; // variable x assigned to n (n is 200, Thus after the assignment of the value of x is 200) 
        System.out.println ( "= x" + x); // print the value of x 

        x = x + 100; // variable x is assigned the value of x + 100 (x 200 , the value of x after the assignment is 100 = 300 + 200 is) 
        System.out.println ( "= x" + x);// print the value of x 
        System.out.println ( "n =" + n); // print again the value of n, n should be 200 or 300? 
   } 
}

To analyze the following code execution flow;

Execution int n = 100;, the statement defines a variable n, and assigned 100, and therefore, the JVM variables in memory nallocated a "memory cell", fill in the values 100:

Execution n = 200;time, the JVM to 200write the variable nstorage unit, therefore, the original values are overwritten, and now nthe value 200:

Performed int x = n;when a new variable is defined x, while xthe assignment, and therefore, the JVM requires a newly assigned to the variable storage unit x, and write the variable, and nthe same value, the result is a variable xvalue also becomes 200:

Execution x = x + 100;time, the JVM is first calculated value of the right equation x + 100, the result is 300(Cos xvalue 200), then the result 300written to xthe memory cell, therefore, a variable xfinal value becomes 300:

Visible, variables can be assigned repeatedly. Note that the equal sign =is the assignment statement is not equal in the mathematical sense, otherwise it can not be explainedx = x + 100 .

Basic data types

The basic data types are CPU type of the operation can be carried out directly;

Java data types defined in the base;

  • 整数类型:byte,short,int,long

  • 浮点数类型:float,double

  • 字符类型:char

  • 布尔类型:boolean

内存单元从0开始编号,称为内存地址。每个内存单元可以看作一间房间,内存地址就是门牌号。

一个字节是1byte,1024字节是1K,1024K是1M,1024M是1G,1024G是1T;

不同的数据类型占用的字节数不一样。我们看一下Java基本数据类型占用的字节数:

byte恰好就是一个字节,而longdouble需要8个字节。

整形

对于整型类型,Java只定义了带符号的整型,因此,最高位的bit表示符号位(0表示正数,1表示负数)。各种整型能表示的最大范围如下:

  • byte:-128 ~ 127
  • short: -32768 ~ 32767
  • int: -2147483648 ~ 2147483647
  • long: -9223372036854775808 ~ 9223372036854775807
// 定义整型
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int i = 2147483647;
        int i2 = -2147483648;
        int i3 = 2_000_000_000; // 加下划线更容易识别
        int i4 = 0xff0000; // 十六进制表示的16711680
        int i5 = 0b1000000000; // 二进制表示的512
        long l = 9000000000000000000L; // long型的结尾需要加L
    }
}

特别注意:同一个数的不同进制的表示是完全相同的,例如15=0xf0b1111

 

浮点型

 浮点类型的数就是小数,因为小数用科学计数法表示的时候,小数点是可以“浮动”的,如1234.5可以表示成12.345x102,也可以表示成1.2345x103,所以称为浮点数。

float f1 = 3.14f;
float f2 = 3.14e38f; // 科学计数法表示的3.14x10^38
double d = 1.79e308;
double d2 = -1.79e308;
double d3 = 4.9e-324; // 科学计数法表示的4.9x10^-324

对于float类型,需要加上f后缀。

浮点数可表示的范围非常大,float类型可最大表示3.4x1038,而double类型可最大表示1.79x10308

布尔类型

布尔类型boolean只有truefalse两个值,布尔类型总是关系运算的计算结果:

boolean b1 = true;
boolean b2 = false;
boolean isGreater = 5 > 3; // 计算结果为true
int age = 12;
boolean isAdult = age >= 18; // 计算结果为false

Java语言对布尔类型的存储并没有做规定,因为理论上存储布尔类型只需要1 bit,但是通常JVM内部会把boolean表示为4字节整数。

字符类型

字符类型char表示一个字符。Java的char类型除了可表示标准的ASCII外,还可以表示一个Unicode字符:

// 字符类型
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        char a = 'A';
        char zh = '中';
        System.out.println(a);
        System.out.println(zh);
    }
}

注意char类型使用单引号',且仅有一个字符,要和双引号"的字符串类型区分开。

常量

定义变量的时候,如果加上final修饰符,这个变量就变成了常量:

final double PI = 3.14; // PI是一个常量
double r = 5.0;
double area = PI * r * r;
PI = 300; // compile error

常量在定义时进行初始化后就不可再次赋值,再次赋值会导致编译错误。

常量的作用是用有意义的变量名来避免魔术数字(Magic number),例如,不要在代码中到处写3.14,而是定义一个常量。如果将来需要提高计算精度,我们只需要在常量的定义处修改,例如,改成3.1416,而不必在所有地方替换3.14

根据习惯,常量名通常全部大写。

var关键字

有些时候,类型的名字太长,写起来比较麻烦。例如:

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

这个时候,如果想省略变量类型,可以使用var关键字:

var sb = new StringBuilder();

编译器会根据赋值语句自动推断出变量sb的类型是StringBuilder。对编译器来说,语句:

var sb = new StringBuilder();

等价于

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

因此,使用var定义变量,仅仅是少写了变量类型而已。

变量的作用范围

在Java中,多行语句用{ }括起来。很多控制语句,例如条件判断和循环,都以{ }作为它们自身的范围,例如:

if (...) { // if开始
    ...
    while (...) { while 开始
        ...
        if (...) { // if开始
            ...
        } // if结束
        ...
    } // while结束
    ...
} // if结束

只要正确地嵌套这些{ },编译器就能识别出语句块的开始和结束。而在语句块中定义的变量,它有一个作用域,就是从定义处开始,到语句块结束。超出了作用域引用这些变量,编译器会报错。举个例子:

{
    ...
    int i = 0; // 变量i从这里开始定义
    ...
    {
        ...
        int x = 1; // 变量x从这里开始定义
        ...
        {
            ...
            String s = "hello"; // 变量s从这里开始定义
            ...
        } // 变量s作用域到此结束
        ...
        // 注意,这是一个新的变量s,它和上面的变量同名,
        // 但是因为作用域不同,它们是两个不同的变量:
        String s = "hi";
        ...
    } // 变量x和s作用域到此结束
    ...
} // 变量i作用域到此结束

定义变量时,要遵循作用域最小化原则,尽量将变量定义在尽可能小的作用域,并且,不要重复使用变量名。


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Origin www.cnblogs.com/delongzhang/p/11240304.html