Storage and HDFS architecture

HDFS storage model

  • Stored in byte format
  • Linear file into pieces (Block): Offset offset (byte)
  • Block dispersed storage nodes in the cluster
  • Block consistent single file size, file with the file can be inconsistent
  • Block can set the number of copies, copies disorderly dispersed in different nodes
  • Do not exceed the number of copies of the number of nodes
  • Block file uploads can set the size and number of copies (not enough resources to open up the process)
  • Block number of copies of the files uploaded can be adjusted to the same size (2.x 128MB 3 blocks)
  • Only support Write Once Read Many, that only one writer
  • You can append additional data

HDFS architecture model

  • File metadata MetaData, file data    
    • Metadata
    • The data itself
  • The NameNode (master) node stores file metadata: single node posix
  • DataNode (from) node to save data file Block: Multi-node
  • DataNode and NameNode remain heartbeat, submit Block List
  • HdfsClient NameNode interact with metadata information
  • HdfsClient DataNode interact with data files Block (cs)
  • DataNode server using data blocks stored in the local file system

HDFS architecture diagram

HDFS design

  • Uniformly dispersed storage dfs.blocksize = 128M
  • Backup redundant memory dfs.replication = 3




NameNode (NN)

  • RAM-based storage: disk will not exchange (two-way)
    • It exists only in memory
    • Persistence (one-way)
  • NameNode main functions:
    • Reading and writing to accept service clients
    • Block list information collected DataNode reporting
  • NameNode save metadata information includes
    • Owership and file permissions
    • File size, time
    • (Block List: Block Offset), position information (persistence does not exist)
    • Block copy of each position (reported by the DataNode)

NameNode persistence

  • NameNode of metadata information after startup will be loaded into memory
  • metadata stored in a disk file called "fsimage" (point in time backup)
  • Block location information is not saved to fsimage
  • edits记录对metadata的操作日志…>Redis
  • 二者的产生时间和过程?(format)

SecondaryNameNode(SNN)

  • 它不是NN的备份(但可以做备份),它的主要工作是帮助NN合并edits log,减少NN启动时间。
  • SNN执行合并时机
    • 根据配置文件设置的时间间隔fs.checkpoint.period  默认3600秒
    • 根据配置文件设置edits log大小 fs.checkpoint.size 规定edits文件的最大值默认是64MB    

SNN合并流程图


DataNode(DN)

  • 本地磁盘目录存储数据(Block),文件形式
  • 同时存储Block的元数据信息文件
  • 启动DN时会向NN汇报block信息
  • 通过向NN发送心跳保持与其联系(3秒一次),如果NN 10分钟没有收到DN的心跳,则认为其已经lost,并copy其上的block到其它DN

HDFS优点

  • 高容错性
    • 数据自动保存多个副本
    •  副本丢失后,自动恢复
  • 适合批处理
    • 移动计算而非数据
    • 数据位置暴露给计算框架(Block偏移量)
  • 适合大数据处理
    • GB 、TB 、甚至PB 级数据
    • 百万规模以上的文件数量
    • 10K+ 节点
  • 可构建在廉价机器上
    • 通过多副本提高可靠性
    • 提供了容错和恢复 机制

HDFS缺点

  • 低延迟数据访问
    • 比如毫秒级
    • 低延迟与高吞吐率
  • 小文件存取
    • 占用NameNode 大量内存
    • 寻道时间超过读取时间
  • 并发写入、文件随机修改
    • 一个文件只能有一个写者
    • 仅支持append

Block的副本放置策略

  • 第一个副本:放置在上传文件的DN;如果是集群外提交,则随机挑选一台磁盘不太满,CPU不太忙的节点。
  • 第二个副本:放置在于第一个副本不同的 机架的节点上。
  • 第三个副本:与第二个副本相同机架的节点。
  • 更多副本:随机节点

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Origin www.cnblogs.com/dragon-123/p/11182224.html