Linux-- acquaintance Linux
Abstract: This paper explains what Linux is, the history of Linux, as well as some basic knowledge with Linux systems.
Brief introduction
operating system
Linux systems with Windows systems, Mac systems, as are all computer's operating system, when we have a new computer, the first thing to do is to install the system, then, what is the operating system?
Computer, that is, we often say that the computer, the machine is actually just a bunch of tangible things composed of these things are called hardware .
Some applications we use on the computer, such as: chat used QQ, micro letters, used to play the game League of Legends, Jedi survive, work used Word, Excel, PowerPoint. These are in the computer itself does not have something that is by installing the appropriate program to run them on the computer, these things are called software .
Is essentially a set of procedures on the operating system, a computer program for managing hardware and software of the machine , for example: it can be disk partition management, input-output devices connected to the management computer, the network communications management, system the file management, memory management carried on running, and some operating system also provides its own set of user interface, and so on.
Because the operating system itself does not have the functionality of the application, so after installing the Linux operating system, also need to install different software on the Linux operating system, according to different needs.
Development History
The 1960's, the computer system using the batch, the middle does not require user interaction, nor can others, resulting in a waste of computer resources.
In 1965, Bell Labs (Bell), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and General Electric (GE) joint research and development up to get a time-sharing multitasking system.
In 1969, Bell Labs quit, Ken Thompson wrote in assembly language a core set of procedures, while including some of the core utilities, as well as a small file system that is Unix prototype.
In 1973, Bill Joy at Berkeley University after obtaining a Unix kernel source, proceed version modified to suit their own machine, it will eventually be named as Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). The BSD Unix is a very important branch, is also founder Bill Joy of Sun Microsystems.
In 1984, because Unix states: "The student can not provide source code", Tanenbaum teachers write their own Unix-compatible Minix, for teaching.
In 1984, Stallman began GNU (GNU's Not Unix) plan, the founder of FSF (Free Software Foundation) Foundation. The completion of some important software development: Emacs, GCC (GNU C Compiler), GLIBC (GNU C Library), BASH Shell.
In 1985, in order to avoid the GNU free software developed by other people use to become proprietary software, so he and the lawyer drew up the famous General Public License (GPL, General Public License).
In 1991, Linus Torvalds at the University of Helsinki, Finland-based GCC, BASH Shell developed the Linux kernel for 386 machines.
In 1994, Torvalds released Linux-v1.0.
In 1996, Torvalds released Linux-v2.0, determined the Linux mascot: Penguin.
Advantages and disadvantages
System stability : Linux has always been based on the concept of Unix operating systems developed and, therefore, Linux and Unix systems have a similar program interface with the operating mode, of course, inherited the Unix stable and efficient features. Installing Linux host continuous operation to do more than one year without ever crash, does not have to shut down is a common thing.
Open source, Free : Because Linux is based on the product under the GPL, so no one will be freely available Linux. Unix is different from the required burden of huge royalties, of course, is different from Windows needs again and again to update your system, and pay a lot of costs.
Safe, fast fix vulnerabilities : Because a lot of people using Linux, a considerable number of interested groups, individuals involved in the development of them, so you can get the latest security information at any time, and to give an update at any time, security is relatively high.
Let multiple people to use : with Windows systems, allows multiple people to use on a Linux host, and more equitable distribution of resources, compared to the single multi-tasking Windows system much more stable. You can add different identity on a Linux host user, and each user at login system working environment can not be the same. In addition, you can allow different users to sign a host computer at the same time while using the host's resources.
File attributes and user group permissions : On Linux systems, the file's properties can be divided into "readable, writable, executable", these properties can be divided into three categories, namely, the file owner, the file's group, other. It has a very good system for the confidentiality of the project plan or other program developers.
Relative to save resources : Linux host system requirements relatively low, does not require high configuration.
A strong network of support : Linux is superior to other operating systems in the communications and networking functions. The ability to connect to other network operating system kernel and not so closely together, there is no built-in flexibility of these networking features. The Linux provides users with comprehensive, powerful network functions.
Release
Technically, Linus Torvalds developed Linux is just a kernel. Core refers to provide a device driver, file system, process management, network communication and other functions of the system software, the kernel is not a complete operating system, the core of it is just the operating system. Some organizations or companies to the Linux kernel and a variety of packaged software and documentation, and provide system installation and system interface configuration, setting and management tools, constitute the release version of Linux.
In the development of the Linux kernel, various Linux distributions has played a huge role, it is they promote the Linux applications, so that more people are concerned about Linux. Therefore, the Red Hat, Ubuntu, SUSE Linux and other direct say in fact is inaccurate, they are the release version of Linux, rather, should be called the "core of the Linux operating system package."
Various distributions of Linux using the same Linux kernel, so what compatibility problems do not exist in the inner nuclear layer, each version has a different feeling, but in the release version of the outermost layer (by the publisher application development integration) It has reflected.
Redhat
Redhat, it should be called Redhat series, including RHEL (Redhat Enterprise Linux, also known as fee-based version of Redhat Advance Server), FedoraCore (original Redhat desktop version developed from the free version), CentOS (RHEL clone of the community, free).
Redhat should be said that most people use Linux version in the country, and even some people will equate to Redhat Linux, and some veterans this is only one version of Linux. So this version is characterized by the use of a large number of people, information is very large, the implication is that if there is anything you do not understand, it is easy to find people to ask, but generally are based on Linux Redhat online tutorial example to explain of. Redhat series of package management is based on the use of YUM package management RPM packages, package distribution methods are compiled binary files. Stability RHEL and CentOS stability is very good, suitable for use in servers, but poor Fedora Core stability is best used only for desktop applications.
Debian
Debian, or Debian said the series, including Debian and Ubuntu and so on.
Debian Linux is a community-class model, is by far the most followed standard GNU Linux system. Debian was first created by Ian Murdock in 1993, it is divided into three versions branch (branch): stable, testing and unstable. Which, unstable for the latest test version, including the latest package, but there are a relatively large number of bug, suitable for desktop users. testing versions have been unstable in the test, relatively stable, and also supports a number of new technologies (such as SMP, etc.). The stable is generally used for servers, most of the above packages are relatively out of date, but the stability and security are very high. Debian is the most unique APT-GET / DPKG package management, in fact, Redhat, YUM also in imitation of Debian's APT way, but in a binary file in distribution methods, APT should be the best. Debian's information is also very rich, there are a lot of community support, there are problem neighborhoods also have a place to go.
Slackware
Slackware was created by Patrick Volkerding in 1992, it is the oldest surviving Linux distribution. A substantial decline in its popularity with Red Hat Linux and other distributions with a more relevant issue, but Slackware still a much more appreciation and management techniques for system administrators and desktop users of the system. Slackware is a highly technical, clean release, only a few very limited personal settings. It uses a simple, text-based system installation and primitive package management system that does not resolve software dependencies. Therefore, Slackware is considered today the most pure and most unstable release.
SuSE
SuSE with Slackware is based on the original Linux version of SuSE Linux AG of Germany released in 1994 launched the first edition, only commercial version early in 2004 after the company was acquired by Novell, OpenSUSE community was established, it launched its own community version of OpenSUSE.
SuSE is more popular in Europe, in our country there are more applications. It is worth mentioning is that it draws a lot of qualities of Red Hat. SuSE can easily achieve interaction with Windows, hardware detection is very good, has a user-friendly installation process, graphical management tools for end users and administrators easy to use.
Gnome
GNOME, based Kubuntu KDE based LXDE Lubuntu and the like based on Xfce Xubuntu. Characterized by a very friendly interface, easy to use, the hardware support is very comprehensive, it is the most suitable for desktop Linux distributions.
Gentoo
Gentoo, great Gentoo Linux world is the youngest of release, because the young, they are able to learn the advantages of all releases before her, and this is one reason why Gentoo is called the most perfect Linux distribution.
FreeBSD
FreeBSD, should be emphasized that, FreeBSD is not a Linux system! However, FreeBSD and Linux user base a considerable part of overlap, both supported hardware environment is relatively consistent, the software used is relatively similar, so FreeBSD can be viewed as a Linux version to compare.
FreeBSD has two branches: stable and current. As the name suggests, stable version is stable, while the current test version is the addition of new technologies. FreeBSD Ports using the package management system, similar to the Gentoo distribution based on the source code, you must in order to run after the local machine knitting, but there is no system Ports Portage system easy to use, use slightly more complicated. FreeBSD is most characteristic of stable and efficient is the best choice as a server operating system, but Linux hardware support is not complete, it is not suitable as a desktop system.
Desktop Environment
The early Linux systems are without interface, it can only be managed by a command, such as running programs, editing documents, delete files. So, in order to skillfully use Linux, you must remember many commands. Later, with the popularity of Windows, the computer interface is becoming more and more beautiful, little mouse can be done a lot of work, people have become accustomed to the graphical interface of the operation, it is difficult to endure the darkness of the command line window. This contributed to the Linux community to change, and soon introduced a graphical environment Linux system.
Linux in the desktop environment is a program that the kernel is not bound to develop between the two is not synchronized. To install a desktop environment on Linux systems without interface, you can see a variety of beautiful window and use the mouse to click them.
KDE Desktop
KDE is an acronym for the K Desktop Environment, Chinese translated as "K Desktop Environment."
Based on the famous KDE Qt, originally published in 1996 as an open source project, and released the first version in 1998, now almost KDE desktop environment is the number one.
Many popular Linux distributions offer a KDE desktop environment, such as Ubuntu, Linux Mint, OpenSUSE, Fedora, Kubuntu, PC Linux OS and so on.
KDE allows you to file an application icon and an icon is placed in a specific location on the desktop. Click the application icon, Linux system will run the application. Click the File icon, KDE Desktop will determine which applications use to process the file.
KDE Project has also developed a large number of available applications running in KDE environment, including the Dolphin (file management tool), Konsole (Terminal), Kate (text editor), Gwenview (image viewer), Okular (documents and PDF Check tool), Digikam (photo editing and finishing tools), KMail (email client software), quassel (IRC client software), K3b (DVD burning program), Krunner (starter), etc., which are installed by default.
GNOME Desktop Environment
GNOME is an acronym for the GNU Network Object Model Environment, the Chinese translated as "GNU Network Object Model Environment."
GNOME was first released in 1999, has now become many Linux distributions default desktop environment (but most used is Red Hat Linux).
GNOME is characterized by simple and fast, but not too many customization options, users need to install third-party tools. GNOME does not even include some simple adjustment options, such as changing the theme, change fonts, etc., in relation to these two basic adjustments, users need to install third-party tools. So, GONME suitable for users who do not require highly customizable interface.
GNOME is used as the default desktop environment in Fedora, is available in several popular Linux distributions, such as Ubuntu, Debian, OpenSUSE and so on.
Unity desktop environment
Unity was developed by the parent company Canonical Ubuntu is a shell. They say it is a shell, because Unity runs on the GNOME desktop environment, using the core application of all GNOME.
In 2010, Unity released the first version, then after a few improvements, and now, like other desktop environments, can also be installed on the other Linux distributions.
Unity uses a different style of interface, if you are using Ubuntu Linux distributions, you will notice Unity and KDE and GNOME desktop environments are somewhat different.
Unity on the left there is a starter, located on the top of the device is to start the search icon, also known as "Dash". On the Dash search files, search results will not only be given from the hard disk, but also gives search results from online sources, such as Google Drive, Facebook, Picasa, Flick and others. Unity also provides a hidden start, touch the sidebar to display the options, users can also up / down show sensitivity launcher menu.
Unity is very simple, fast, but Unity was not too many options to customize the desktop in the system settings, in order to install custom themes or different additional options, such as whether the system menu should always be visible, or "from the launcher icon once click minimize ", users need to install third-party tools.
CCSM and Unity Tweak Tool is a tool for customizing Unity desktop environment is very popular.
MATE Desktop Environment
We mentioned above, GNOME 3 for a new interface design, which led to some users unhappy, they introduced other desktop environments, MATE is one of them.
MATE is a derived from the now unmaintained code base of the GNOME 2 desktop environment.
MATE people feel in using the old desktop environment, but a combination of many aspects of the interface improvements over the years. MATE is also well suited to low with the computer, so if you have an old or slow computer, you can use the MATE.
MATE still many popular Linux distributions comes with, such as Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Mageia, Debian and another more releases. Ubuntu MATE is the first time the official version.
MATE own applications include Caja (file management tool), Pluma (text editor), Atril (document viewer), Eye of MATE (image viewer), etc. If the user does not need another full-featured desktop environment of all additional features, then MATE for them is a simple lightweight desktop environment.
Cinnamon desktop environment
Similarly with MATE, Cinnamon is improved by the Linux Mint team because of dissatisfaction with Gnome 3 development in a different desktop environment. But differs in that the MATE and Cinnamon, Cinnamon based on Gnome 3. Cinnamon is new, but also in active development, but this is not an excellent desktop environment and weakened in terms of functionality due to the novel.
Cinnamon has Unity and GNOME and other desktop environment does not have all the features. Cinnamon is a highly customizable desktop environment, does not require any external plug-ins, widgets and adjustment tools to customize your desktop. Cinnamon can even set up by the management itself to download and install the theme, you do not even need to open the Internet browser.
For various excellent features required, Cinnamon is very convenient for any new users new to Linux. Many users abandon the use of Linux, because they do not understand Linux works, but I strongly recommend that novices should start with the beginning of Cinnamon desktop environment.
Many popular Linux distributions offer their own version of Cinnamon, such as Ubuntu, Fedora, OpenSUSE, Gentoo, Arch Linux and so on. Cinnamon or Linux Mint default desktop environment.