Common commands
ls displays the file or directory
-l 列出文件详细信息l(list)
-a 列出当前目录下所有文件及目录，包括隐藏的a(all)Create a directory mkdir
-p 创建目录，若无父目录，则创建p(parent)cd Change directory
Create an empty file touch
echo to create a file with content.
cat view the file contents
cp copy
mv move or rename
rm delete files
-r 递归删除，可删除子目录及文件
-f 强制删除find search for a file in the file system
wc statistics the number of rows of text, words, characters
grep search for a string in a text file
rmdir to delete empty directories
display the directory tree structure tree, tree packages to install
pwd displays the current directory
ln create a link file
more, less display text paging file contents
head, tail displays the file header, footer content
ctrl + alt + F1 command fullscreen
System Management Commands
stat displays detailed information of the specified file, and more than ls
who show online users log in
The current user displays whoami
hostname show hostname
uname information display system
dynamically displays the current top most resource-intensive process information
ps display instantaneous process status ps -aux
Check directory size du du -h / home directory information with a display unit
df view disk size df -h with displays disk information
Check ifconfig network conditions
ping test network connectivity
netstat displays network status information
man command will not be used, such as looking for a man: man ls
clear clear screen
The rename alias command: alias showmeit = "ps -aux", the use of additional release unaliax showmeit
kill kill the process, you can view the process id with ps or top command, then use the kill command to kill the process.
Compression packing related commands
gzip：
bzip2：
tar: compression packing
-c 归档文件
-x 压缩文件
-z gzip压缩文件
-j bzip2压缩文件
-v 显示压缩或解压缩过程 v(view)
-f 使用档名Example:
tar -cvf /home/abc.tar / home / abc packaging only, not compressed
tar -zcvf /home/abc.tar.gz / home / abc packaged and compressed with gzip
tar -jcvf /home/abc.tar.bz2 / home / abc packaged and compressed by bzip2
Of course, if you want to decompress, directly replace the above command tar -cvf / tar -zcvf / tar -jcvf the "c" into "x" on it.
Shutdown / reboot the machine
shutdown
-r 关机重启
-h 关机不重启
now 立刻关机halt shutdown
reboot reboot
Linux Pipeline
The standard output of a command as standard input of another command. That is the number of command used in combination, the result of a previous command except a command.
Example: grep -r "close" / home / * | more look at all the files in the home directory, including close the file, and paging output.
Linux package management
dpkg (Debian Package) management tools, to .deb package name suffix. This method is suitable for networked systems can not be the case.
For example, the command to install tree installation package, first tree.deb spread Linux system. And then use the following command to install.
sudo dpkg -i tree_1.5.3-1_i386.deb install software
sudo dpkg -r tree uninstall software
Note: The tree.deb spread Linux system, there are a number of ways. VMwareTool, using the way of mounting; winSCP using tools;
APT (Advanced Packaging Tool) advanced software tools. This method is suitable where the system can be connected to the Internet.
Still an example to tree
sudo apt-get install tree 安装tree
sudo apt-get remove tree 卸载tree
sudo apt-get update update software
sudo apt-get upgrade
The .rpm file into .deb files
.rpm format RedHat software used. Can not be directly used in Ubuntu, you need to convert it.
sudo alien abc.rpm
Use vim
vim three modes: command mode, insert mode, edit mode. ESC or use i or: to switch modes.
In command mode:
: Q Quit
: Q Force Quit!
: Wq to save and exit
: Set number display line numbers
: Set nonumber hide line numbers
/ Apache apache find a skip over the n press, shift + n in a document
yyp cursor line copy, and paste
h (left one character ←), j (next line ↓), k (upper row ↑), l (right one character →)
User and user group management
/ Etc / passwd to store user account
/ Etc / group account storage group
/ Etc / shadow to store user account password
/ Etc / gshadow store user group account password
useradd username
userdel username
adduser username
groupadd group name
groupdel group name
passwd root password to the root
su root
su - root
/ Etc / profile system environment variables
bash_profile user environment variables
.bashrc user environment variables
su user switch user, loading a configuration file .bashrc
su - user switch user, loading a configuration file / etc / profile, loading bash_profile
Change the file users and user groups
sudo chown [-R] owner[:group] {File|Directory}
For example: also to jdk-7u21-linux-i586.tar.gz example. Hadoop user belongs, group hadoop
To switch users and groups this document belongs. You can use the command.
sudo chown root:root jdk-7u21-linux-i586.tar.gz
File permissions management
Three basic permissions
R represents 4 readings
W Write Values are expressed as 2
Values are expressed as X-executable 1
-rw-rw-r-- total of ten characters, divided into four sections.
The first character "-" indicates a regular file; this position may also appear "l" link; "d" indicates a directory
The second three or four characters "rw-" represents the rights of the current user belongs. Therefore, values are expressed as a 4 + 2 = 6
The first five hundred sixty-seven character "rw-" represents the rights of the current belongs. Therefore, values are expressed as a 4 + 2 = 6
The eighth ninety character "r--" expressed permissions to other users. Therefore, as represented by the value 2
So permission to operate this file is expressed as a numerical value 662
Change Permissions
sudo chmod [u belongs to the user group belong g o all users other users a] [+ Permissions increase - decrease permission] [rwx] directory name
For example: There is a file filename, permissions "-rw-r ---- x", the permission value to "-rwxrw-rx", as represented by the value 765
sudo chmod u+x g+w o+r filename
The above example can be expressed numerically
sudo chmod 765 filename