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PoS explain the incitement and punishment, perhaps more or less would be helpful to everyone. Why PoS system sideways demand incitement? No incitement okay? How much did incite meet?
Definition of origin Bitcoin block chain, Bitcoin determined to become an anarchist electronic money silver, out of touch centralized authoritarian control and to bring all people relaxed. Throughout, Bitcoin to the majority of people is to bring the image of the center and laid-back, however, open to society today, we have been accustomed to thinking of the social structure composed of such centers. Countries, companies, and even at the center of the family, are different shapes. When we want to go as a center of the main stream after midnight, we will find that we have to pay the value, in fact, is not small. Especially when we enjoy a bit of money to bring to the center of thinking, we often overlook is laid-back bad brought capital.
As a decentralized community, Bitcoin needs people to maintain operating procedures, maintenance and more people, more secure system. Company operations center of the capital in the past, in fact, appropriate to each person an equal share to the maintenance of the network. So these people who will bear the cost? Do the authors are barely out of their pocket without it?
Perhaps not quite so Bitcoin distribution method has become a vision of incitement, and Bitcoin bad leisurely thinking brought to the people to maintain all drew a pie, this pie with a laid-back light to illuminate people unlimited reverie about the future riches. So, we see that Bitcoin finished decentralized and take it easy, using a method of processing incite people to pre-pay the cost, this might not equal, but it does a good value endorsement.
So we can easily understand, as PoS era after PoW, natural incite the same requirements to maintain capital brought to the center. But because the calculation method PoW mining of force, the right of re-mining methods PoS replaced, meaning that the initial network operations, it has to meet the demand for currency to carry out mining. Together, to meet the multi-currency only meet the same tune as much force considered safer decentralized ensure network operations, so as not to incite PoS Bitcoin same, by the total amount remaining as a reward, but after the issuance inflation as it incited.
Issuance is the most common method on PoS one kind of incitement, year-round adhere to a more reasonable rate issuance to incite the miners have to meet much power to maintain the network. The initial open network is particularly important, so in general, additional linear rate of change will set the initial value of the big meet, in order to attract more people to verify. Together, which also involved as token (Staking) network to verify that important ideas blocks, does not participate in the network security authentication tokens will be diluted to attract additional tokens already exists, which is well-known PoS dilutive inflation concept.
Then, additional rate / inflation rate will be a change in value, to appropriate so much, no one can accurately get out. Now the world inside the silver money policy, usually occurs along with inflation and tightening of the application of appropriate policies silver money at the right time, now that we can recognize. Bitcoin has brought us tightening method, inflation method PoS bring, are block chain in the world inside a set of experiments. So many public PoS chain and not the inflation rate be dead, but the initial value, and then handed over to the community pricing confession.
Ether Square ETH the inflation rate set at of 3%, Tezos and EOS to inflation are set at about 5%, Rchain the inflation rate set at 7%, Cosmos the inflation rate set at 7% to 22%. Now, in 2019 to be the main item on the network, the inflation rate in the initial value of 5% to 10%, appears to be widely recognized by the industry.
Not that this is ultimately the answer, perhaps no one knows the answer, said foundation, the real world is always messy, so the selection of racking our brains is also a good method, but only one person took his head, behind along with people even if my head Do not shoot, along with just fine.
incite
Inciting mechanisms of PoS derived from Bitcoin, Bitcoin miners demand for maintenance work and decentralized network, then the network is involved in inciting the miners demand, instigated by profit, people will chase profit miners brought out the block Bitcoin distribute the coins to make one kind of incitement mechanism, the use of fixed total amount, distribution scarcity to attract a lot of influx of miners to become a bitcoin network maintenance.
PoS networks with the same needs maintenance, but PoS incitement and incitement Bitcoin is not the same, PoS is new coins (PoS stock is now proclaimed to the initial distribution division, proper dig at some of the items inside the pre-PoW), Bitcoin is the stock of coins, so the stock of inflation planning and Bitcoin PoS planning to distribute a small amount of different, creating different on both the nature of incitement.
PoS together, the incitement is divided into two important stages
· Advocate
· Decentralized
Inflation beginning of the PoS network planning ideas, PoS network is a top priority, in order to avoid missing the initial Stake in violation of capital due to the problem is too low, the initial inciting to meet large, tokens will attract people were Staking, otherwise, short-range violations might occur, the business incitement might be tampered with. Under normal circumstances, the main advocate network, the development team will be left to their own use in the initial distribution of tokens (typically 20%) ahead Staking maintenance of the network, along with other nodes to prevent entry to ensure the entire network for any length of time (usually small month), again open to all people holding money.
And after the network successfully argued that decentralization has become an important incitement direction, in order to avoid further big happens, many projects will make an issue of incitement reward, such as a single node across the whole amount of the total 1%, exceeding the lesser of the linear part will be rewarded, and may not be rewarded. For example, there is a large amount of wait-1.2%, then the amount of 0.2% is not rewarded. This can be useful in handling PoS Hengda big problem.
Second, many PoS project will be dedicated to a block node, the verification process done to meet the simple, relying on the equipment easily available, so that people can hold out briefly involved in the project Staking in the past, will make the project even further to the center of, and not because there is no skill, no equipment can not be caused by participating in the network operations
PoS in inciting inflation type, the share of inflation is written as a parameter block in the creation, as a parameter can be changed, meaning that communities have the power to modify the rate of inflation, then meet the needs of different age. Block chain project is not enough to live a long time, so now this figure has not yet been correct too. Inflation of different items will play a float in plan (2% to 20%), the initial value of 5% to 7%, or linear or decrease linearly increasing trend to ensure reasonable.
Specific acts of sedition
PoS chain general public, in order to maintain the network will not pause (Halt) perhaps collapsing (Crash), will make perhaps a block of inciting people correct behavior, bad behavior together will give rewards and punishments. This practice guided forward, reverse impact of the same logic. Block by block chain is certainly one time and then attached together constitute the data block chain is to ensure that the right not be correct, so we can see some specific incited acts included
· The block (verification, packaging business)
· Signature (verification packaged business)
· Declaration (declaration block for generating a random number who elected)
· Scold (Report a block bad conduct)
· Online (long insisted node online)
· Process (process behavior involved in chain)
All acts on the maintenance of block chain is influential, just these acts are properly implemented, it is about the next rate, the block has been operating the chain will continue. Of course, along with the block chain opened more new skills will be brought to the existing block chain in the past, it has brought new problems will these new skills, leading to intermittent operation block chain, or even collapse , when the new processing method will be introduced in.
In addition to the above bondage outside, PoS in incitement, there are still some risks, these risks might still hiding rather deep, and now you can not make bondage might not bondage.
Other, POS incitement has many of its own problems, such as large problem, elected fraud issues, the same, related to Bitcoin, PoS incitement and incitement Bitcoin also has some of the same problems, such as lack of incitement, inciting a single. Here I am concerned about the same number of bits and currency issues.
Incite missing
Secure network relies on a stable miners collective as well as secure token participation (Stake), both of which rely on the system tokens of legal tender a stable exchange rate, it may be said to have rising expectations, so as to transfer the whole of incitement can be sustained. From 2012 to now, Peercoin, Nxt, Blackcoin, etc., because we have seen too many items off the value of the currency too much, resulting in a lack of inciting the situation. This will constitute a vicious circle, when higher demands on the system to verify people, the more people put in to verify the cost of midnight, we found that people in the value of the currency can not make up its capital investment, which makes the successful maintenance of the network You Qian good expectations.
In currency-based law today, as a token of incitement program block chain it is the mainstream, but it is not a commercial mainstream. When people become a verified professional jobs, hard work but can not feed their families, it is more sarcastic. 2017 to advocate the bull market, many people put into the standard currency on the road, but these people soon discovered, currency-based foundation are losing money in the short term, the currency loss method, this is about a startup company to that too he has been killed.
So, tokens as a method of incitement, often there will incite the lack of problems, assuming that 1 to 3 years which can not bring incitement met, then verify the person out of this network will be very simple.
Incite single
The other side is the lack of incitement to incite too single, token incitement is one thing, one other aspect is the time to verify the person's rewarded. Now, to the authentication prime opportunity people get rewards is a block and validation (different chains have some other fine time setting), this and this validation held by currency amount the weights may be acceptable entrusted currency amount of weight is closely linked the role is to verify due to the amount of money people assume that weight not high, then the reward he received was very little.
For example, a person holding cash at hand to verify the amount of holding money accounted for only 0.01% of the entire network tokens, then he can only get 0.01% of the entire network and verify the timing of the block, do not think 0.01% is now very small, PoS system small the total amount of people in a lot of people, and the world that, 20% of the population possesses 80 percent of the world's total wealth is a reason. PoS token, the valuation is often billions of dollars, tens of millions of dollars of 0.01% is, how many people can have tens of millions of dollars? Therefore, the occupation amount 0.000001 very good, and that this corresponds to a block 0.000001 reward very much.
So, we can see that this must have been a natural constituent of the threshold, this threshold will be because of the lack of incitement and a single, making the currency less verifier gradually from the network, after all, only the player's head, and the whole system become a rich country, Hengqiang.
This is what we see on Bitcoin mining pool is the situation is the same.
The problem can not handle?
Now the checks sideways, not a complete program can deal with such problems, mostly for the inspection of the process, but will not affect roots. In essence, the issue is not handled wealth gap, everything once and linked to money, money can not be divorced from other people now than you practice in an attempt to Robin Hood, it is martial arts, not the practice in the world.
Nakamoto computer vision is to make all people involved in mining bitcoin in the past, which is essentially no ability to put a portion of every purchase of computer people out, so I can not do full justice in the world, in to the center of the world which is also the same.
However, I still like to see inside the block chain in the world, to pay the check. For example, the Cosmos official client will make a prompt warning people against the head of verification, or even reduction of rates of return, but also to accept such Tezos inside and entrusted pawn gold closely, he did not pawn gold can not be rewarded. These are all ways to avoid Hengqiang, though not trigger the foundation, but have a certain effect.
Reward and punishment
Bitcoin miners in facing no punishment, and insist there is reward and punishment, that is, the miners dug a solitary block. Bit block is a solitary coin is dropped inside the block, legal, proven to meet the amount of work, simply because of the speed of broadcast or accounting problems, and has not been received by most nodes, but is replaced by another block. Dug solitary block is not bitcoin reward, the corresponding demand for miners to bear their own costs force count, so the race conditions, pay no operator force to be rewarded, can be considered a form of "punishment."
And I'm here talking about reward and punishment, PoS is in a unique reward and punishment mechanism, called Slash, different from the PoW's "reward and punishment."
Reward and punishment mechanism is used in PoS PoS punishment of the bad behavior of the miners. Specific bad behavior selected by the different chains own, although different, but generally is a principle, and that is to ensure the system stable, any inspection bifurcation, double check, and not online for a long time miners, the foundation will be rewards and punishments. Of course, here not only punishment and the bit is not the same incentive credits, will be deducted from the block with person / people in the verification system which post pawn gold, so the two appropriate punishment.
Pawn gold PoS punishment mechanism is unique in the planning, the introduction of a gold pawn induction treatment program to address the multifaceted problem of PoS. In the PoS together, according to the algorithm selected by the miners heavy weight holding money amount, the miners during the block evil PoW much smaller than the cost, because the blocks can not bondage, a plurality of segments, signatures bifurcation chain, sincere and earnest miners will not do evil every effort to get more benefits.
In the era of no pawn gold, this appears to be very motivated enough, those times in 2012 and 2014, the miners could pretty much pick a "violation" of the network, lucky to defraud the system to get more rewards. PoW inside the block is the capital, the demand for consumption calculation power, electricity and other miners it really simple access to a block of time to assume inspection violations system, rewards once identified other miners out, lose rewards of capital than the evil to get to the big, it runs the risk of doing so. The PoS in a laid-back block of the people is no capital at all, in essence, on PoW and the difference was opened, which is well-known problems inside PoS Nothing at Stake's (this issue has not specifically depicted in the ninth chapter) .
Therefore, after the introduction of pawn gold, the system will detect the miners behavior, once found wrongdoing is detected, the system will deduct pawn gold miners. The gold miners because of concerns about the pawn will be charged, naturally did not dare the evil.
Slash
January 2014, Vitalik Burtain the first time mentioned the Slasher, after Slash This method is widely used in PoS together sideways, as an important method of processing PoS network security. Slasher can be translated as "The Executioner" Perhaps deduction person, Slash can be translated to reduce (expenses), net of translation is perhaps pawn gold.
At that time the block in the world, PoW is still the main stream with many projects together to turn PoS at the beginning, but it is also about this time a major flaw (Nothing at Stake) beginning on PoS exposed out, this defect can lead to fork chain, then makes the probability of success is greatly infringe double flower trek.
Vitalik punishment proposed method will be an attempt to block human waste cradle sideways, this method is called Slasher. Block chain of bifurcation behavior may be repeated submitted for testing, once detected, the behavior will be rewards and punishments (Slash), and the rewards and punishments of pawn gold means Nothing at Stake become Something at Stake.
So Somethin at Stake in Something now refers to pawn gold (bond, perhaps called secure deposit), and pawn gold as a foundation block people out of the block, a block of sincere and earnest people do not fear pawn gold is deducted (Slash ), because they are not going to tamper with the program, double flowers violations, without sincere and earnest people because of a piece of gold pawn might be deducted perhaps of motivation weakened.
Slash pawn gold is recycled into the system, various different treatment pawn gold Slash systems, under normal circumstances, will destroy all (Burn), some systems have informants, such Tezos, Polkadot, these systems pawn gold Slash I will give a small number of informants, most of the destruction. There is also a plan that is part of the destruction, a part of the pond with the inflow foundation for subsequent community / project sponsor.
However, Vitalik did not introduce in 2014 proclaimed the blog Slasher concrete is completed, there is no mention pawn gold, but a discourse about the methodology of Slash. After Slasher after about four years of open, it has gradually turned sideways with a PoS become an important standard functions.
Slash specific behaviors
We now know that the object is a block Slash people, the role of gold pawn Slash is deducted, incentives are not available. Here I am concerned about Slash's specific behavior. Different systems on the behavior of different Slash, Slash is not the same number. I have listed what will be Slash's general behavior, such as
Double Block: means at the same height, a person out of the plurality of blocks of block
Double Check: means at the same height, a verifier verifies the different blocks on the chain; may refer to at the same height, a verifier same block, check repeatedly on one strand of the name
There are some projects to time and nodes online voting as may be Slash's behavior, a node requirements are more severe, such as Cosmos.
In general, Slash's behavior and not many, perhaps there are too afraid to say, after all, Slash still a novelty, where there are double-sided, Slash is not good, excessive, would constitute a block human ecological damage, in particular the block chain project is not under seasoned, the manslaughter occurs, difficult to handle. So, I think Slash is used as the bifurcation killer on it, some other behavior can be gradually increased in the block chain projects become more seasoned before.
How much Slash?
How much gold pawn pay appropriate it? Deduction pawn gold division deduct how much reasonable? It touched a accounting issues, there are two algorithms:
The first: a single piece pawn, which is the only incentive is to do touch on the behavior of midnight, you need to pay in advance according to the share of gold pawn
The second: overall pawn, that is, before doing touch reward the behavior you hold out the full amount as a pawn of gold.
Slash time-division occurs, the first one is deducted from the individual behavior of all pawn gold cross, and the second is part of the deduction of all pawn gold, depending on the severity to confess.
In fact, the two algorithms are similar, after all, the role of Slash are deducted from the share fell by pawn gold. And in practice, the two algorithms are of ecological communities have different effects. Pawn gold we start with the similarities, we give an example, there is a parameter PoS public chain as follows:
Annual inflation rate of 5%
The initial supply of 1 billion
Block time from 10s
Each block reward 1000000000 * = 5% / (24 * 60 * 365 * (60/10) * 10) = 1.6
A miner holding money amount of 100 million, how much he needs to pay gold to pawn it? We then set several system parameters
Pawn gold in exchange for time 15 days
Monolithic gold pawn 51.2
Pawn currency amount = (15 * 24 * 60 * (60/10) * 10) * 51,2 = 66355200
Pawn rate = 66355200/1000000000 = 6.6%
The individual needs of a block of gold pawn = 100 million * 6.6% = 6,635,520
During a single block pawn gold demand 51.2 tokens is calculated in accordance with the pawn algorithm Tezos, I do not know why pawn gold Tezos single block is 512XTZ, I guess it is about to close security pawn calculated rate of around 8% a . Assumed guess correctly, PoS pawn gold we thought it would be about 8% of the overall amount of holding money. Of course, Tezos maybe racking our brains picked.
Assumed to occur Slash, pawn according to the first method, the individual will be deducted 6,635,520 tokens, but inside the other 100 million tokens are not affected and can continue to be a block. The second method pawn, 100 million tokens are typical sideways, just before a Fucai opportunity to get his tokens will be deducted 6,635,520.
Incitement and reward and punishment are two other points of PoS different from the PoW, single chain originality in the planning, I have this particular set forth in the tenth chapter.
Reproduced in: https: //www.jianshu.com/p/9e64ec71e98e