Traverse

 Traverse using established engineering network control plane , the wire mesh between the node and the node, the node between the high point and the length of the wire , the wire length should not be greater than the corresponding level of 0.7 times ( 2012 through test ), when Cable length is less than a predetermined level 1/3 , the total length of the wire absolute misclosure less than 13cm . (Form 2013 test too)

 

grade	full length （km）	Side length （km）	Goniometer Error	Ranging Error	Ranging Relative error	1″	2″	6″	Azimuth Misclosure	Full length relative Misclosure
Third	14	3	1.8	20	1/15w	6	10	-	3.5	1/5.5w
Fourth -	9	1.5	2.5	18	1/8w	4	6	-	5	1/3.5w
One	4	0.5	5	15	1 / 3w	-	2	4	10	1/1.5w
Two	2.4	0.25	8	15	1/1.4w		1	3	16	1/1w
Three	1.2	0.1	12	15	1 / 7k		1	2	24	1 / 5k

 

 

Traverse side length of slant range , correction to be carried out: (2012)

1. rangefinder plus constant correction;

2. rangefinder multiplication constant correction;

3. Meteorological correction

 

Direction Method Limits Method difference comprises:

Semi rounds zero difference ;

2. The rounds in the same direction mutual differences ;

3. The rounds angle mutual difference value ;

4. Press measuring a mutual differences ;

 

Rounds law limits difference include:

Semi rounds poor ;

2. rounds among poor ;

 

By triangulation triangles closed difference angle measurement error calculated:

Grade: 0.7 seconds

Second: 1 second

Third: 1.8 seconds  

Fourth -: 2.5 seconds

 

Traverse general provisions:

1. Apparatus for the mirror or the error is less than 2mm;

2. The horizontal angle during observation, the bubble leveling center offset from the center position, less than 1 bar;

3. When the observation data is overloaded, it should re-test the entire rounds ; 

4. When the observation direction is not more than three, it may not be zero; and when the direction of observation of more than 6, the direction of observation method using packet;

5. Each between the rounds of the disc should be arranged; i-th rounds of the disc configuration (i - 1) * 180 / n

 

 

Engineering survey among the laid wire mesh requirements:

1. The wire mesh is used as the survey area principal control , it should laid into a ring network , and should be measured with two known direction;

2.  Encryption network may employ a single Annexed line , or node route form;

3. The appropriate wire segment between nodes or between nodes and known points laid out straight shape , adjacent a side not too large difference, different points on the network segment should not be spaced too close;

 

Engineering survey, the wire point selected provisions:

1. wire points should be selected in the soil solid , stable and reliable, easy place to store and relatively open field of vision, easy encryption, expand and seek

2. The point should be between adjacent pass, as well , their line of sight obstructions three or four, etc. should not be less than 1.5m ; and so should ensure the following four easy observation to the unaffected side refractive principle

3. When the electromagnetic wave ranging line of sight between adjacent dots should avoid strong magnetic field or heating

4. point between adjacent line of sight tilt angle is not too large

5. take full advantage of the old control points

 

 

Tunnel Inside Plane Control Network Requirements:

(Using wire, a closed loop is formed by the conditional cross-hole, the wire length 200,70m, from cave facilities, and delay time to dig into the application, add directional gyroscope, plus pressure correction)

1. Inside the control plane network should adopt the form of wires , and to the hole point bits starting point, the line extending tunnel laid into both sides of the straight or the longitudinal wires , elongated wire polycyclic (measurement)

2. The  side length of the wire is approximately equal to, straight line segments not less than 200M , the curve section not shorter than 70cm ; wire side should not be less than the distance from the hole facility 0.2M (length)

3. When the double tunnel while tunnel or other auxiliary boring Meanwhile, the wire should be laid separately, and by cross-hole connected to a closed loop ; (route mode)

4. When the tunnel designed to dig into the side length of the wire 2 to 3 times , the wire extension application should be measured once (extended)

5. For long tunnel, can add a certain number of measured Gyroscope oriented edge

6. When the pneumatic tunnel construction, for observation distance must be appropriate pressure correction