Differences:
(1) Linux is faster and more secure than Windows
(2) There are many software that can only run in Windows, and software compatible with Linux is under development.
(3) Linux is suitable for networking.
(4) Linux The operation of Windows is relatively complicated, while the operation of Windows is relatively simple.
The difference between Linux and Windows is the same as Linux. The Windows series is a complete multi-tasking operating system. They support the same user interface, networking, and security.
However, the real difference between Linux and Windows is that Linux is actually a version of Unix, and the contribution from Unix is very huge.
Reasons why Unix is powerful:
(1) On the Internet, a large number of free software are written for Unix systems. Since there are many Unix vendors, there are many ways to implement Unix. There is no single organization responsible for Unix distribution. Now, there is a huge force pushing the Unix community towards standardization in the form of an open system.
(2) The Windows series is a dedicated system, with the interface and design controlled by the company that develops the operating system. This kind of company is very profitable in the sense that it establishes strict standards for programming and user interface design, which are completely different from those of the open systems community.
Some organizations are trying to complete the task of standardizing Unix programming interfaces.
In particular, Linux is fully compatible with the POSIX.1 standard. Security issues require long-term attention for IT administrators. Executives need a framework to conduct a reasonable assessment of operating system security, including: basic security, network security and protocols, application protocols, release and operation, confidence, trusted computing, and open standards.
No matter what criteria you use to evaluate Windows and Linux, there's a problem: There's more than one version of each operating system. Microsoft's operating systems include Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows 2003 Server and Windows CE, while Linux distributions vary greatly due to different kernels (based on 2.2, 2.4, 2.6) and different software packages. The operating systems we use in this article are current technologies rather than "ancient" solutions.
2. What is Linux?
Simply put, Linux is a set of Unix-like operating systems that are free to use and spread freely. It is mainly used on computers based on Intel x86 series CPUs. This system was designed and implemented by thousands of programmers around the world. Its purpose is to create Unix-compatible products that are not restricted by the copyright of any commercial software and can be freely used around the world. The emergence of Linux first began with a computer amateur named Linus Torvalds, who was a student at the University of Helsinki in Finland. His purpose was to design an operating system that could replace Minix (an operating system teaching program written by a computer professor named Andrew Tannebaum) that could be used on personal computers with 386, 486 or Pentium processors. , and has all the functions of the Unix operating system, so the design of the Linux prototype began.
Linux is known for its efficiency and flexibility . It can realize all Unix features on PC computers and has multi-tasking and multi-user capabilities. Linux is freely available under the GNU Public License and is a POSIX-compliant operating system. The Linux operating system software package not only includes the complete Linux operating system, but also includes application software such as text editors and high-level language compilers. It also includes
the X-Windows graphical user interface with multiple window managers, just like we use Windows NT, allowing us to operate the system using windows, icons, and menus.
What is the difference between Linux and other operating systems: Linux can coexist on the same machine with other operating systems such as MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows. They
are all operating systems and have some common features, but they have their own characteristics and differences.
The operating systems currently running on PCs mainly include Microsoft's MS-DOS, Windows, Windows
NT, IBM's OS/2, etc. Early PC users generally used MS-DOS because this operating system did not have high requirements for the machine's hardware configuration. With the rapid development of computer hardware technology, the price of hardware equipment
is getting hardware configuration, so I started to use
operating systems with graphical interfaces such as Windows and Windows NT. Linux is an operating system that has recently attracted people's attention
, and it is gradually being accepted by PC users. So, what are the
main ? It will be discussed below from two aspects.
First, let’s take a look at the differences between Linux and MS-DOS.
It has become common to run Linux and MS-DOS on the same system . In terms of processor functions, MS-DOS does not fully implement the functions of an x86 processor, while
Linux runs entirely in processor protected mode and has developed processors. all features. Linux can
directly access all available memory in the computer, providing a complete Unix interface. MS-DOS only supports
some Unix interfaces.
Linux and MS-DOS are two completely different entities in terms of usage costs. Compared with other commercial operating systems
, MS-DOS is relatively cheap and has a large share among PC users. It is
difficult for any other PC operating system to reach the popularity of MS-DOS because other operating systems The cost is a big burden for most PC users.
Linux is free and users can download it from the internet or
Or obtain its version through other means, and you can use it at will without considering the cost. As far as the functions of the operating system
are concerned, MS-DOS is a single-task operating system. Once the user runs an MS-DOS application
, it monopolizes the system resources and the user cannot run other applications at the same time. Linux
is a multi-tasking operating system, and users can run multiple applications at the same time. Let's take another look at the differences between Linux and
OS/2, Windows, and Windows NT. From the perspective of development background, the difference between Linux and other operating systems is that Linux developed
from a relatively mature operating system, while other operating systems, such as Windows NT, are self-contained and have no corresponding counterpart. The operating system it relies on. This distinction allows Linux users to greatly benefit from the contributions of the Unix community. Because Unix is one of the most commonly used and mature operating systems in the world. It is a multi-tasking system for microcomputers and supercomputers developed in the mid-1970s. Although the interface is sometimes confusing and lacks relatively centralized standards, But it has grown to become one of the most widely used operating systems. Both the authors of Unix and the users of Unix believe that only Unix is a true operating system. 3. First of all, you need to understand that Linux is not windows, it is not a software maintained by a commercial company , it only has a package. Linux is something that can be packaged and configured freely. Anyone or a company can make a Linux according to their own ideas, such as adding some functions and Chinese support. These
Although the core parts of Linux are the same, the various software and default configurations they bring are different. The difference is that using one Linux distribution (we call different Linux releases different distributions) may have better hardware configuration and easier installation of various software, while using another one may be faster, and another one may support Chinese better. In short, there is no free lunch. What you take for granted under Windows may require you to stay up late to get it under Linux.
Therefore, you must be very careful when choosing distribution from the beginning. Otherwise, just because you just
got a Linux release with a certain magazine, you will start the installation thinking that everything is the same. You will not be able to
match it when the hard disk data is destroyed or the network is in a state of tears. By that time, it will be too late. No joke, I know that installing the driver under Windows
only requires a few clicks of the mouse, but under Linux,
it is not uncommon to spend a whole night in order to drive a network card - of course, I think it is worth it.
So, faced with so many Linux distributions, which one should you choose?
The more famous Linux distributions include:
RedHat: the latest version 6.2, 7.0beta. Since RedHat has been on the market and has received a lot of
commercial support, it has good hardware and software compatibility. In fact, it is already an industry standard for Linux
. Imagine if you are the boss of a manufacturer such as Oracle. You need to
develop a version for Linux, and different Linux dists need to be developed and maintained separately. For cost reasons, you
will naturally only focus on one Linux.
Slackware(7.1). Linux, which has existed for a long time, has many old and loyal users, but now it is becoming less and less popular
.
SuSe Linux, made by Germans, is very popular in Europe and has some driver advantages.
There are also Debian, CorelLinux and other dists, which I will not introduce one by one.
You will also see various "Chinese Linux" touted in the domestic media. Their main advantage is that they have
Chinese processing. But as mentioned in the previous article, if you want to use Chinese, Windows 2000 is best. In fact,
I think what a senior in the 7-character class said to me is very good: "(For us)
seeing
is a very weird thing." If you come with the purpose of learning computers, then
it is impossible for you to avoid reading English documents. Even Microsoft's documentation, the latest documentation on programming, is
all
in English. Of course, if you want to go to BBS, read Chinese web pages, etc., you can also use dist in English.
4. The difference between Linux and Windows
is the same as Linux. The Windows series is a complete multi-tasking operating system. They support the same user interface
, networking, and security. However, the real difference between Linux and Windows is that Linux is actually
a version of Unix, and the contribution from Unix is very huge. What makes Unix so important? Not
only is Unix the most popular operating system for multi-user machines, but it is also the basis for free software
. On the Internet, a large amount of free software is written for Unix systems. Since there are many Unix
vendors , there are many ways to implement Unix. There is no single organization responsible for Unix distribution. Now,
there is a huge force pushing the Unix community towards standardization in the form of an open system. Windo on the other hand
The ws series is a dedicated system with the interface and design controlled by the company that develops the operating system. This kind of company is very profitable in the sense
that it establishes strict standards for programming and user interface design, which are completely different from those of
the open systems community. Several organizations are trying to complete the task of standardizing Unix programming interfaces
. In particular, Linux is fully compatible with the POSIX.1 standard.
Security issues require long-term attention for IT administrators. Executives need a framework to conduct a reasonable assessment of
operating system security, including: basic security, network security and protocols, application protocols,
release and operation, confidence, trusted computing, and open standards. In this article, we will
compare . The final qualitative conclusion is: So far, Linux provides
better security performance than Windows, with only one exception (confidence).
No matter what criteria you use to evaluate Windows and Linux, there's a problem: There's more than one version of each
operating system . Microsoft's operating systems include Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows 2000
, Windows 2003 Server and Windows
CE, while Linux distributions vary
greatly due to different kernels (based on 2.2, 2.4, 2.6) and different software packages. The operating systems we use in this article are current technologies rather than "ancient"
solutions.
Users need to remember that there are philosophical differences in the design of Linux and Windows. Windows operating systems
tend to integrate more functions into the operating system and combine programs with the kernel; Linux is different
For Windows, there are clear boundaries between its kernel space and user space. Depending on the design architecture, both
can make the operating system more secure.
Basic changes in Linux and Windows security
For users, the constant updates of Linux and Windows have triggered competition between the two. Users can have
their own favorite systems while also paying attention to competitive developments. Microsoft's initiative seems to be higher - this
is due to the industry's "cynicism" "incentives" and the continuous development of Linux. Microsoft will
make changes to Windows s security in the next few months, when Microsoft will release Windows XP Service Pack 2 for Windows XP. This
service pack enhances the security of Windows, turns off many services that were originally open by default, and also provides new
patch management tools. For example, in order to avoid receiving too much useless information, the warning service and the messenger service are turned off
. In most cases, turning off these features is beneficial to enhance system security, but it is difficult
to make a compromise between security and software functionality and flexibility.
The most significant manifestation is that Microsoft is paying more attention to improving usability while enhancing system security. For example: In 2003,
many vulnerability attack programs targeting Microsoft used executable files as email attachments (such as My
Doom).
Service Pack 2 includes an attachment execution service that provides a unified environment for Outlook/Exchange, Windows Messenger and Internet Explorer. This reduces the risk of users being infected by viruses or worms when running
executable files. In addition, disabling the executability of data pages also limits potential
The threat of buffer overflow. However, Microsoft
did not modify the problematic architecture and secure transmission of Windows in WindowsXP Service Pack 2, but instead
handed users.
Microsoft's focus is clearly on supporting application security.
Many of the enhancements in Windows XP Service Pack 2 are
targeted at Outlook/Exchange and Internet Explorer. For example: Internet Explorer has an intelligent MIME type check
that checks the content type of the target, and users can learn whether there are potentially harmful programs in the content
. But can this software distinguish a virus from a colleague's spreadsheet?
Another new feature of Windows XP Service Pack 2 is the ability to uninstall redundant browser plug-ins, which
requires end users to check and determine which plug-ins need to be uninstalled. Outlook/Exchange can preview email
messages so users can delete emails before opening them. Another application security enhancement,
the firewall is started before the network protocol stack. For software developers, changes in permissions in remote procedure calls
make it difficult for code with poor security to work properly.
WindowsXP Service Pack 2 also provides many gorgeous new features for Windows users, but the question
remains: Will these features burden administrators or even end users? Does it make the system more complex while increasing
the code security of Windows operating system?
The difference between Linux and Windows
Although there are some similarities, there are some fundamental differences in the way Windows and Linux work.
These differences can only be appreciated once you are familiar with both, but they are at
the core .
The application target of Linux is the network rather than printing.
When Windows first appeared, the world was still a paper world.
One of the great achievements of Windows is that the results of your work can be easily viewed and printed. Such a beginning affected
the later development of Windows.
Likewise, Linux is influenced by its origins. Linux is designed as a network operating system. Its
design is inspired by the Unix operating system, so its command design is relatively simple, or concise
. Because plain text works so well across networks, Linux configuration files and data are
text- based.
For those familiar with graphical environments, Linux servers may seem primitive at first. But Linux development
focuses more on its inner functionality rather than what's on the surface. Even in a plain text environment, Linux
also has very advanced network, scripting and security capabilities. Some of the seemingly odd steps required to perform some tasks
are puzzling until you realize that Linux is expected to perform these tasks in conjunction with
other . Linux also has strong automatic execution capabilities. You only need to design
batch files to allow the system to automatically complete very detailed tasks. This ability of Linux comes from its
text-based nature.
Optional GUI
Linux has a graphics component. Linux supports high-end graphics adapters and monitors and is fully capable of graphics-related
work. Now, many digital effects artists perform their design work on Linux workstations, which
previously required the use of IRIX systems. However, the graphical environment is not integrated into Linux,
but runs a separate layer on top of the system. This means you can run the GUI only, or when needed
. If your system's main task is to provide web applications, you can stop the graphical interface and
use the memory and CPU resources used by it for your services. If you need to do some work in the GUI environment
, you can open it again and close it when the work is completed.
Linux has graphical management tools, as well as daily office tools, such as email, web browsers,
and document processing tools. However, in Linux, graphical management tools are usually
extensions of console (command line) tools. In other words, all the work that can be done with graphical tools can
also . Likewise, using graphical tools does not prevent you from manually modifying configuration files. The
practical may not be particularly obvious, but if anything done in a graphical management tool
can be done from the command line, that means that work can also be done with a script. Scripted
commands can become automated tasks. Linux supports both methods and does not require you
to use text only or GUI only. You can choose the best method based on your needs.
The configuration file in Linux is a human-readable text file, which is different from the INI file in Windows in the past.
The software is similar, but it is fundamentally different from the Windows registry mechanism in terms of ideas. Each application
has its own configuration file, which is usually not co-located with other configuration files. However, most
configuration files are stored in a single place under a directory tree (/etc), so they appear to be logically
together.
The text file is configured in such a way that the backup, checking and editing of the configuration file can be completed without using special system tools .
Filename Extension
Linux does not use filename extension to identify the type of file. Instead, Linux
identifies . You can still use filename extensions to improve human readability, but this has no effect
on . However, some applications, such as Web servers, may use naming conventions
to identify file types, but this is only a requirement of the specific application and not a requirement of the Linux system itself
.
Linux uses file access permissions to determine whether a file is an executable file. Any file can be given
executable permissions so that the creators or administrators of programs and scripts recognize them as executable.
This is good for security. Executable files saved to the system cannot be automatically executed, which
prevents many script viruses.
Rebooting as a Last Resort
If you've been using Windows for a long time, you're probably used to
rebooting your system for a variety of reasons, from software installation to correcting service failures. This habit of yours in Linux thinking needs to change. Linu
x essentially follows "Newton's laws of motion". Once it starts running, it will remain running until affected by
affected by external factors, such as hardware failure. In fact, Linux systems are designed so that applications
do not crash the kernel, so frequent reboots are not necessary (as opposed to Windows systems).
Therefore, except for the Linux kernel, other software can be installed, started, stopped, and reconfigured without
rebooting the system.
If you do reboot your Linux system, it is likely that the problem will not be resolved and may
worsen . Learning and mastering Linux services and runlevels is the key to successful problem solving. The most difficult thing about learning Linux
is overcoming the habit of rebooting the system.
Plus, you can do a lot of work in Linux remotely. As long as there are some basic network services running
, you can get into that system. And if there's a problem with a specific service in your system, you
can keep other services running while you troubleshoot. This kind of management is very important when you have
multiple .
Commands are Case Sensitive
All Linux commands and options are case sensitive. For example, -R does different
things than -r. Console commands are almost always lowercase.
We'll cover the command in more detail in "Part 2. Console Crash Course."
Extensive hardware support is probably the most basic requirement of any popular operating system and is an important aspect of scalability. The Windows operating system does an excellent job in this regard: on the one hand, the widespread use of Windows makes any hardware manufacturer support Windows as a standard platform when launching new hardware, and constantly update drivers for new Windows versions. ; On the other hand, a large amount of hardware support has in turn promoted the further popularity of the Windows platform.
Linux hardware drivers are usually developed by users who need these hardware themselves. The sharing nature of Linux can quickly provide drivers for commonly used hardware that require subsequent support and help to overcome potential problems. of instability. As for some components that are not yet popular, such as various USB devices, the development of their drivers will require more support to meet the needs of different users.
SMP (Symmetric Multiprocessor) support
CPU is the core part of the computer system. Whether it has good SMP support will directly affect the performance of large-scale applications.
The retail version of Windows 2000 Advanced Server supports up to four SMP channels, and the OEM version can support up to 32 SMP channels. The CPU support level has not changed much compared to Windows 4.0, but the SMP implementation code has been improved so that high-performance scaling can be performed more "linearly". Windows NT Server 4.0 Enterprise Edition has achieved record performance price levels, with improvements to SMP scaling, this trend will continue in Windows 2000 Advanced Server and Datacenter Server. Performance improvements are most noticeable in systems using eight-way designs or more than eight-way designs.
Linux is working on solving SMP support in the core part to improve the performance of Linux in large-scale applications. Although Linux is not designed for SMP, Linux Torvalds once said that Linux's SMP evaluation performance is very poor, but we hope that these problems can be solved in the 2.4 version kernel, so that more schools or enterprises can use the tested Linux to implement their core programs.
Support for clusters
Windows 2000 Server has powerful cluster functions. The reason why Compaq has been able to dominate the crowd and defeat all opponents in the TPC-C competition recently is that it relies on a huge 12-node, 96-processor cluster, and they are running Windows 2000 Server.
Although Linux does not have an excellent record of running critical applications on high-end systems, Linux has recently released a lot of things in the cluster project. It is hoped that the Linux developer army can develop more complete cluster functions to support specific computing environments
.
Making each system suitable for its own workplace is the system's support for a specific computing environment.
Microsoft has developed different operating systems to accomplish different types of tasks. Windows CE is suitable for small handheld computers and laptops, Windows 95/98 and Windows 2000 Professional are suitable for desktop computers, and Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 2000 Server are suitable for large server applications. As a family of operating systems, Windows provides good scalability support for a variety of different working environments.
Since most of the platforms available for Linux are in the initial stages of development, supporting various computing environments will be the next goal of Linux systems.
Documentation
As we all know, as systems become more and more complex and powerful, it is very important to prepare good documentation. This helps users understand and manage the system. Detailed documentation helps us master all its functions and features proficiently.
Microsoft generally provides in-depth and detailed documentation for its products and does a good job of localizing documentation. Documentation of Linux products requires further specification.
Respondent: Cute Little Gangsi - Trial Period Level 9-6 13:12
1. In terms of system structure, Linux is open source software, but Windows is not. That means you can make any changes you want to your Linux system if you like. For Windows, this is something you don’t even have to think about.
2. In terms of operational stability. Pros and cons. But any program in Linux is relatively independent, even gnome and kde (graphical interface) are also independent. A software crash is just a software crash and rarely causes system paralysis (crash). Just re-run the program. Windows, needless to say, I have never seen anyone whose Windows crashed.
3. From the perspective of multi-users, Linux is a true multi-user system. Multiple users can actually log in. Although this has taken shape for Windows, it is too childish and just a decoration.
4. For Chinese support. Multiple versions of windows have strong support for windows. The font is also very beautiful. Although Linux also supports Chinese, it requires a lot of manual settings to fully support Chinese, but no matter how well it is done. There is always a chance to see garbled Chinese characters (because almost every software has to set fonts and character encoding). Moreover, the Chinese font is annoying and not very nice. (The good-looking ones are basically not open source. ps: If you don’t want to spend money on the operating system, why would you buy a few fonts? Of course there are pirated versions @ which is not the original intention of using Linux.) 5. For system updates
, apt is currently the best choice for Linux, it is fast, common and simple. And there is no risk of genuine verification. Windows is not bad either. Bugs come out faster than patches, not to mention that I have never used genuine ones.
6. From the perspective of safety. In fact, this issue was also mentioned in the previous article. When we use Windows, anti-virus software, firewalls, anti-spam software, and anti-spyware software take up most of the system resources. But this is still impossible to prevent. Who has never been infected by viruses, Trojan horses, or rogue software?
linux? No need for these annoying things.
7. In terms of application software, although there are many software under Linux, there is really no way to compare with Windows. Who made Windows almost synonymous with the operating system?
8. From the perspective of ease of use, I feel that among the commonly used windows, mac, and linux, windows is quite easy to use regardless of the interface, mouse operation, and file format. Other operating systems are almost always explored through trial and error. What's more, many configurations of Linux are based on documents, which means that some configuration files need to be modified manually. For an old person like me, can you still remember the long code tomorrow?
Windows can solve almost all problems with just one mouse. Haha
9. Summary: Of course, the various advantages and disadvantages are far from these, that’s all.
If you want to use it for personal use, use Windows. It’s easy to learn and the information is good early.
If it's for study, you'd better use Linux, but you have to be mentally prepared to take the trouble! For the confusing Linux version, you have to remember that there can be n solutions to the same problem, but there may be only one that suits you.