1. Concurrency model and goroutine
The Go language is famous for its powerful concurrency model, and its core mechanism is goroutine. Goroutine is a lightweight thread that is scheduled by the Go runtime. We can create goroutine through the go keyword without paying attention to the underlying thread management like traditional thread programming.
Sample code:
package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
)
func helloWorld() {
fmt.Println("Hello, world!")
}
func main() {
go helloWorld()
time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
}In this example, we created a goroutine to execute the helloWorld function through go helloWorld(), and the main function will not wait for helloWorld to finish executing, demonstrating the concurrency feature.
2. Channel
Channels are the key mechanism for communication and synchronization between goroutines. It provides a secure and efficient way to transmit data. Channels are divided into buffered and unbuffered to meet different communication needs.
Sample code:
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
ch := make(chan int, 1) // 创建一个有缓冲的通道
ch <- 42 // 发送数据到通道
fmt.Println(<-ch) // 从通道接收数据
}3. Interfaces and polymorphism
An interface in Go language is an abstract type that defines the behavior specifications of an object. Polymorphism is implemented through interfaces, so that objects of different types can be processed in the same way, improving the flexibility and reusability of the code.
Sample code:
package main
import "fmt"
type Shape interface {
Area() float64
}
type Square struct {
Side float64
}
func (s Square) Area() float64 {
return s.Side * s.Side
}
type Circle struct {
Radius float64
}
func (c Circle) Area() float64 {
return 3.14 * c.Radius * c.Radius
}
func main() {
shapes := []Shape{Square{Side: 4}, Circle{Radius: 3}}
for _, shape := range shapes {
fmt.Printf("Area: %f\n", shape.Area())
}
}4. defer and panic/recover
Go language provides defer to perform cleanup operations at the end of function execution, which is often used to ensure that certain resources are released. In addition, panic is used to raise errors, and recover is used to capture errors caused by panic.
Sample code:
package main
import "fmt"
func cleanup() {
fmt.Println("Cleanup resources")
}
func main() {
defer cleanup()
fmt.Println("Do some work")
panic("Something went wrong")
}These advanced features make Go a powerful, efficient, concurrency-safe programming language that is ideal for building modern applications.
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