statement
This article is about learning GB-T 7232-2023 metal heat treatment terminology. The study notes are compiled and shared in the hope that more people will benefit. If there is any infringement, please contact us in time.
1 Scope
This document defines the main terms and definitions of metal heat treatment basics, heat treatment processes, structures and properties, and heat treatment equipment.
This document applies to technical standards and technical documents related to metal heat treatment.
2 Normative reference documents
This document has no normative references.
3 Basic terminology
3.1 General term
3.1.1
heat treatmentheat treatment
The process of heating, maintaining and cooling metal materials or workpieces in appropriate ways to obtain the expected structure and properties.
3.1.2
bulk heat treatment _
The entire workpiece is heat treated by penetrating heating.
3.1.3
local heat treatmentlocal heat treatment
Heat treatment is performed on only a certain part or several parts of the workpiece.
3.1.4
surface heat treatmentsurface heat treatment
Heat treatment performed only on the surface of the workpiece.
3.1.5
thermo- chemical treatment
Place the workpiece in an appropriate active medium for heating and insulation, allowing one or several elements to penetrate into the surface of the workpiece to change its chemical composition,
Heat treatment of tissue structure and properties.
3.1.6
pre-heat treatment ; conditioning treatment
Heat treatment is carried out in advance in order to adjust the original structure and ensure the final heat treatment or (and) cutting performance of the workpiece.
3.1.7
vacuum heat treatmentvacuum heat treatment
Heat treatment is performed by placing the workpiece in an environment with a pressure lower than 1×105 Pa (usually 1×10⁻¹ Pa～1×10-³Pa) .
3.1.8
induction heating treatment _
Heat treatment uses electromagnetic induction to generate eddy currents in the workpiece to heat the workpiece.
GB/T 7232—2023
3.1.9
controlled atmosphere heat treatment controlled atmosphere heat
treatment
Heat treatment in a furnace gas with controlled composition in order to achieve no oxidation, no decarburization or carburization (nitrogen) as required.
3.1.10
protective atmosphere heat treatment protective atmosphere heat
treatment
Heat treatment performed in an atmosphere or inert gas where the surface of the workpiece is not oxidized.
3.1.11
plasma heat treatmentplasma heat treatment
ion bombardment heat treatment
glow discharge heat treatmentglow discharge heat treatment
The use of the workpiece (cathode) and anode in a specific atmosphere with a pressure lower than 1×105 Pa (usually 1×10⁻¹ Pa～1×10-³Pa)
Heat treatment by glow discharge generated during the process.
3.1.12
high energy beam heat treatment _
Heat treatment using high power density energy sources such as lasers, electron beams or plasmas to heat workpieces.
3.1.13
Deformation heat treatmentthermo -mechanical treatment
A composite process that combines plastic deformation and heat treatment to improve the mechanical properties of the workpiece.
3.1.14
complex heat treatment; multiplex heat treatment
A composite process that combines two or more heat treatment processes to more effectively improve the performance of the workpiece.
3.1.15
restoration heat treatment _
Before irreversible damage occurs to the workpiece after long-term operation, appropriate processes should be used to improve its organizational structure and use it.
Heat treatment to restore properties or geometric dimensions and extend service life.
3.1.16
fluidized bed heat treatmentfluidized bed heat treatment
The heat treatment of the workpiece in a fluid layer composed of air flow and solid particles suspended in it.
3.1.17
multi -field heat treatmentmulti-field heat treatment
Heat treatment uses external fields such as magnetic field, ultrasound, electric field or vibration to change the structure and performance of the workpiece.
3.1.18
stabilizing treatment
Heat treatment is a heat treatment to keep the shape, size, structure and performance changes of materials or workpieces within a certain range under long-term service conditions.
3.1.19
heat treatment cycleheat treatment cycle
Through heating, insulation and cooling, a heat treatment process is completed.
3.1.20
temperature uniformity surveytemperature uniformity survey
The temperature deviation of the effective heating zone of the heat treatment furnace using calibrated field testers and temperature sensors before and after the heat treatment furnace is thermally stabilized
A series of tests were carried out.
GB/T 7232—2023
3.1.21
controlled rolling and cooling thermomechanical control process
The process of controlled rolling and cooling of steel in a certain temperature range to obtain fine grains and good structure, making the steel
Has excellent mechanical properties.
3.2 Heating
3.2.1
heating schedule _
Heating specifications
Time and temperature parameters specified for the heating phase during heat treatment.
3.2.2
heating rate heating rate
Within the set temperature range, the average increase in temperature of the workpiece or medium per unit time.
3.2.3
heating curve heating curve
Temperature versus time curve during the heating phase of the heat treatment process.
3.2.4
heating up time heating up time
The time it takes for the surface of the workpiece to reach the temperature specified by the process during the heating phase.
3.2.5
equalization _
During the heating stage, the surface of the workpiece reaches the temperature specified by the process and is maintained until the entire workpiece reaches the temperature.
3.2.6
Insulation holding;soaking
The process in which the workpiece or heating medium is maintained at a constant temperature at the temperature specified in the process.
Note: The time and temperature of constant temperature maintenance are called insulation time and insulation temperature respectively. The insulation time includes the time of equalization and constant temperature maintenance after equalization.
3.2.7
heating time heating time
The general term for heating time and holding time.
3.2.8
preheating _
In order to reduce distortion and avoid cracking, one or several stages of heat preservation are performed before the workpiece is heated to the final temperature.
3.2.9
through heating through heating
A method of heating the entire workpiece to a uniform temperature.
3.2.10
Differential heatingdifferential heating
Heating that produces a temperature gradient in the workpiece in a targeted manner.
3.2.11
heat conductionheat conduction
When there is a temperature difference in the heat-treated workpiece, heat is transferred from high temperature to low temperature.
GB/T 7232—2023
3.2.12
heat convection heat convection
In a heat treatment furnace, the heating source transfers heat to the workpiece through the flow of medium in the furnace.
3.2.13
heat radiationheat radiation
In a heat treatment furnace, the heating source transfers heat to the workpiece by radiating electromagnetic waves.
3.2.14
austenitizing _
Heat the steel material to A. or A.
The process of obtaining a complete or partial austenite structure above the temperature.
Note: Unless otherwise specified, it refers to obtaining a complete austenitic structure.
3.2.15
austenitizing temperature austenitizing temperature
The holding temperature of the workpiece during austenitization.
3.2.16
austenitizing time austenitizing time
The time the workpiece is held at the austenitizing temperature.
3.2.17
temperature uniformitytemperature uniformity
The uniformity of the temperature in the effective heating zone of the heat treatment furnace and the maximum temperature of each test point in the effective heating zone relative to the set temperature
deviation.
3.2.18
effective heating zoneeffective heating zone
In the heating furnace, the working space that meets the temperature and temperature uniformity specified by the heat treatment process is determined through temperature detection.
3.2.19
system accuracysystem accuracy
The temperature of the process instrument system of the heat treatment equipment that has been reasonably compensated and the temperature of the measuring instrument system that has been calibrated and offset corrected
deviation.
3.2.20
effective thicknesseffective thickness
When the wall thickness of each part of the workpiece is different, the wall thickness at the heating time can be determined according to the quality of heat treatment of the workpiece.
3.2.21
furnace atmospherefurnace atmosphere
An inert or reducing single gas or mixed gas filled into the heat treatment furnace.
Note: Heating gas used to prevent oxidation, decarburization or reductive protection, or carrier gas or carburizing gas used for chemical heat treatment.
3.2.22
controlled atmosphere controlled atmosphere
The components can control the gas mixture in the furnace according to the effect of oxidation or reduction, carburization or decarburization.
Note: The main purpose is to effectively carry out chemical heat treatments such as carburizing and carbonitriding and to prevent oxidation or decarburization of steel parts when heated.
3.2.23
protective atmosphere protective atmosphere
An atmosphere that protects heated metal materials or workpieces from oxidation or decarburization at a given temperature.
GB/T 7232—2023
3.2.24
endothermic atmosphere endothermic atmosphere
The atmosphere is generated by mixing fuel gas and air in a certain ratio and cracking them through an endothermic reaction under a certain temperature and catalysis.
Note: Generally used as a non-decarburizing heating medium for workpieces or as a carrier gas during carburization.
3.2.25
exothermic atmosphere exothermic atmosphere
An atmosphere prepared by mixing fuel gas and air in a ratio close to complete combustion, and through processes such as combustion, cooling and water removal.
Note: According to the content of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, it can be divided into two types: concentrated type and light type.
3.2.26
nitrogen- based atmospherenitrogen -base atmosphere
Nitrogen and methanol or other hydrocarbon media are mixed in a certain proportion and cracked at high temperature to generate an atmosphere.
Note: It can be used as a non-oxidizing heating protective atmosphere and as a carrier gas during carburizing.
3.2.27
Oxide scale
An oxide layer formed on the surface of a workpiece during unprotected heating.
3.3 Cooling category
3.3.1
Cooling schedule cooling schedule
Provisions on the cooling medium or cooling rate for workpiece heat treatment.
3.3.2
cooling ratecooling rate
The temperature changes with time when the workpiece is cooled during heat treatment.
3.3.3
cooling timecooling time
The time required for the workpiece to cool within a specified temperature range.
3.3.4
cooling curve cooling curve
Temperature change curve with time during the cooling process of workpiece heat treatment.
3.3.5
controlled cooling controlled cooling
The workpiece is cooled according to a predetermined cooling system during heat treatment.
3.3.6
Isothermal transformation curvetime temperature transformation curve ; TTT curve
time temperature transformation diagram ; TTT diagram
When supercooled austenite is maintained isothermally at different temperatures, the relationship between temperature, time and the percentage of transformation products (beginning of transformation and termination of transformation)
system curve graph.
3.3.7
continuous cooling transformation curve
;CCT cur ve
continuous cooling transformation diagram ; CCT diagram
When the workpiece is continuously cooled after austenitization, the time, temperature, transformation products and cooling rate at which supercooled austenite begins to transform and terminates
The relationship graph between them.
GB/T 7232—2023
3.3.8
eutectoid transformation _
Reversible transformation of austenite to pearlite at constant temperature.
3.3.9
critical cooling coursecritical cooling course
The process of cooling to avoid the formation of unintended structures.
3.3.10
critical cooling rate critical cooling rate
The minimum cooling rate corresponding to the critical cooling process.
3.3.11
instantaneous cooling rateinstantaneous cooling rate
The cooling rate when cooling to a certain temperature.
3.3.12
critical diametercritical diameter
When a cylindrical steel rod sample (length ≥ 3 times diameter) is quenched in a certain medium, the maximum diameter of 50% martensite is obtained at the center position.
Note: expressed by dc.
3.3.13
ideal critical diameterideal critical diameter
When cooling in a medium with infinite quenching cooling intensity, the maximum diameter of 50% martensite is obtained at the center of the cylindrical steel rod.
Note: expressed by dc.
3.3.14
equivalent diameter of cooling rate
;equivalent diameter
In the quenching medium with the same temperature and agitation conditions, within a specified temperature range, the part of the quenched part with irregular shape has the slowest cooling rate.
The diameter of the cylindrical specimen is calculated based on the same principle as the cooling rate at the center of the cylindrical specimen (infinite length).
3.3.15
U - curveU - curve
When a cylindrical sample is used to measure the hardenability of steel, the cross-section after quenching will have a U-
shaped hardness distribution curve along the diameter direction.
3.3.16
effective working zone of quenching tank _
The quenching tank is a space that can meet the requirements of the corresponding quenching and cooling process such as the flow rate, turbulence degree or temperature change range of the medium.
3.3.17
Thermal stabilization of austenite
Supercooled austenite stays isothermally at a temperature above or below the martensite point, causing martensite to begin to transform during cooling to low temperatures.
The temperature decreases and the amount of martensite formed is less than that without isothermal stay.
3.3.18
mechanical stabilization of austenite _
The overcooled austenite is stabilized due to large plastic deformation or compressive stress during the quenching process.
3.3.19
stabilization of retained austenite stabilization of retained
austenite
Staying at room temperature or tempering at low temperature after quenching weakens the ability of retained austenite to transform into martensite below room temperature.
GB/T 7232—2023
4 Heat treatment process
4.1 Annealing type
4.1.1
Annealing _
A heat treatment process in which the workpiece is heated to an appropriate temperature, maintained for a certain period of time, and then cooled slowly.
4.1.2
full annealing full annealing
The workpiece is completely austenitized and then slowly cooled to obtain annealing close to the equilibrium structure.
4.1.3
incomplete annealing partial annealing; incomplete annealing
Phase change zone annealing
sub-temperature annealing
critical region annealing
Annealing performed after partially austenitizing the workpiece.
4.1.4
recrystallization annealing _
The workpiece that has undergone cold plastic deformation is heated above the recrystallization temperature for an appropriate time to eliminate the crystallographic defects generated during the cold deformation process.
Basically disappear, forming uniform new grains to eliminate the deformation strengthening effect and residual stress annealing.
4.1.5
Reply to recovery
Annealing is performed by heating the cold plastically deformed workpiece below the recrystallization temperature to restore or partially restore its mechanical and physical properties.
4.1.6
isothermal annealingisothermal annealing
The workpiece is heated above A. or A.
After maintaining the temperature for an appropriate time, quickly cool to an appropriate temperature in the pearlite transformation temperature range and
Annealing is performed by maintaining isothermally, transforming austenite into pearlite-like structure and then cooling in air.
4.1.7
spheroidizing annealing ;spheroidizing
Annealing to spheroidize the carbides in the workpiece.
4.1.8
Hydrogen relief annealing; hydrogen removal annealing
Prevent white spot annealing
Under the condition that the structure of the workpiece does not change, through low-temperature heating and heat preservation, the hydrogen in the workpiece diffuses outward into the atmosphere and retreats.
Fire; or annealing directly after the deformation process is completed to prevent cracks (white spots) caused by gaseous precipitation of hydrogen during the cooling process.
4.1.9
Bright annealingbright annealing
The workpiece is basically not oxidized during the heat treatment process, and the surface remains bright after annealing.
4.1.10
intermediate annealing process annealing;intermediate
annealing;interstage annealing
Inter-process annealing is performed to eliminate the deformation strengthening effect of the workpiece and facilitate the implementation of subsequent processes.
GB/T 7232—2023
4.1.11
diffusion annealingdiffusion annealing
Homogenizing annealing;homogenizing
With the main purpose of reducing the unevenness of the chemical composition and structure of the workpiece, it is heated to a high temperature and kept warm for a long time, and then slowly cooled.
But the annealing.
4.1.12
stabilizing annealingstabilizing annealing
Annealing is used to precipitate or spheroidize the fine microscopic components in the workpiece.
Example: Some austenitic stainless steels undergo stabilization annealing near 850°C to precipitate TiC, NbC, and TaC to prevent the reduction of intergranular corrosion resistance.
4.1.13
stress relieving ;stress relief
annealing
Annealing is performed to remove stress caused by plastic deformation, cutting or welding of the workpiece and residual stress in the casting.
4.1.14
cyclic annealing cyclic annealing
Heat the workpiece to slightly above A. and slightly below A, temperature range, cyclic heating and cooling annealing.
4.1.15
Softening annealing ;soft annealing
Annealing for the purpose of reducing hardness.
4.1.16
high temperature annealing _
grain coarsening annealing coarse-grained annealing
Heating the workpiece to a higher temperature than normal annealing and maintaining it for a longer period of time to coarsen the grains and improve the cutting performance of the workpiece
annealing.
4.1.17
Sub- phase transition point annealingsub -critical annealing
subcritical point annealing
Keep the workpiece below A. The general term for the annealing process at different temperatures.
Note: Including subphase transformation spot annealing, recrystallization annealing, stress relief annealing, etc.
4.1.18
Graphitizing annealinggraphitizing
Annealing is performed to decompose cementite and/or free cementite in cast iron.
4.1.19
malleable annealingmalleablizing ;malleablizing annealing
Annealing to decompose the carbides in white cast iron with appropriate composition and form flocculated graphite.
4.1.20
Isothermal deformation pearlitization treatmentisoforming
After the workpiece is heated to austenitization, it is supercooled to the middle of the pearlite transformation zone, and the composite is plastically processed during the pearlite formation process.
Craftsmanship.
4.1.21
protective atmosphere annealing protective atmosphere annealing
Annealing is performed in an atmosphere that maintains the chemical composition of the surface layer of the workpiece.
GB/T 7232—2023
4.1.22
Vacuum annealingvacuum annealing
The workpiece is
annealed in an environment where the pressure is lower than 1×10⁵ Pa (usually 1×10⁻ ¹ Pa ~ 1×10-³Pa).
4.1.23
Double annealingdouble annealing
It is not cooled to room temperature in the middle, and annealed twice consecutively.
4.1.24
rapid annealing _
Annealing uses a high-energy beam or other energy source to heat the workpiece to a higher temperature than normal annealing and hold it warm briefly.
4.2 Normalizing type
4.2.1
normalizing _
A heat treatment process in which the workpiece is heated to austenitize and then cooled in air or other media to obtain a mainly pearlite structure.
4.2.2
isothermal normalizing _
After the workpiece is heated and austenitized, forced air blowing is used to quickly cool it to a certain temperature in the pearlite transformation zone and start insulation to obtain the pearlite type composition.
The fabric is then cooled in air and normalized.
4.2.3
two -stepped normalizing
After the workpiece is heated and austenitized, it is cooled to A in still air,
and then transferred to the normalizing furnace for slow cooling.
4.2.4
repeated normalizing _
Multiple normalizing
The workpiece (mainly cast and forged parts) is subjected to repeated normalizing twice (or more than twice).
4.3 Quenching type
4.3.1
quench hardening _
A heat treatment process in which the workpiece is heated to austenitize and then cooled in an appropriate manner to obtain a martensite or (and) bainite structure.
4.3.2
Quenching cooling quenching
The cooling portion of the entire quenching cycle when the workpiece is quenched.
Example: The most common methods include water quenching, oil quenching, graded quenching, air quenching, and gas quenching.
4.3.3
quenching temperature quenching temperature
The temperature of the workpiece before quenching and cooling.
4.3.4
through hardening _
Quenching in which the workpiece is completely hardened from the surface to the core.
4.3.5
localized quench hardening selective hardening; localized quench
hardening
Quenching is performed only on the parts of the workpiece that need to be hardened.
GB/T 7232—2023
4.3.6
immersion quenching _
Quenching in which the workpiece is fully or partially immersed in liquid quenching medium.
4.3.7
surface hardeningsurface hardening
Quenching only the surface layer of the workpiece.
4.3.8
induction hardening _
Quenching uses the heat generated by induced current passing through the workpiece to heat the surface, part or the whole of the workpiece and rapidly cool it.
4.3.9
flame hardening _
Quenching uses an oxygen-acetylene (or other flammable gas) flame to heat and rapidly cool the surface of the workpiece.
4.3.10
Laser beam hardening; laser transformation hardening
Self-cooling quenching uses laser as energy source to heat the workpiece at an extremely fast speed.
4.3.11
electron beam hardeningelectron beam hardening
Self-cooling quenching uses electron beams as energy to heat the workpiece at extremely fast speeds.
4.3.12
impulse hardening _
Self-cooling quenching uses high power density pulse energy beam as energy source to heat the workpiece at an extremely fast speed.
4.3.13
bright hardeningbright hardening
The workpiece is heated in a controlled atmosphere, inert gas or vacuum and cooled in an appropriate medium, or heated in a salt bath and cooled in an alkali bath to obtain
Quenching of bright or smooth metal surfaces.
4.3.14
Bainite austempering
Isothermal quenching
After the workpiece is heated to austenitization, it is rapidly cooled and maintained isothermally in the range from the bainite transformation temperature to quenching the austenite into lower bainite.
4.3.15
step quenching _
During the quenching and cooling process, quenching is maintained in a medium of appropriate temperature and the cooling is temporarily interrupted.
4.3.16
Martensite graded quenching martempering
After the workpiece is heated and austenitized, it is immersed in
a medium with a temperature slightly higher or slightly lower than the M, point temperature and maintained for an appropriate time until the entire workpiece reaches
After the medium temperature is reached, air cooling is taken out to obtain martensite quenching.
4.3.17
Subtemperature quenching intercritical hardening
Hypoeutectoid steel workpiece in A. ~A.
After austenitizing in the temperature range, it is quenched and cooled to obtain the quenching of martensite and ferrite structures.
4.3.18
self quenching ;self quench hardening
After the part or surface layer of the workpiece is rapidly heated and austenitized, the heat in the heated area is automatically conducted to the unheated area, thereby causing the austenitized area to be rapidly
cooled and quenched.
GB/T 7232—2023
4.3.19
delay quenching delay quenching
Precooling and quenching
Quenching in which the workpiece is heated to austenitize and then immersed in the quenching medium for an appropriate time (delay time).
4.3.20
Dual medium quenchinginterrupted quenching
Double liquid quenching
After the workpiece is heated to austenitization, it is first immersed in a medium with strong cooling capacity, and then switches to a medium with reduced cooling capacity before the martensitic transformation of the structure is about to occur.
Cool in medium.
4.3.21
spray quenching _
A method in which steel or steel parts are heated to austenitize and then quenched in a jet of liquid flow.
4.3.22
spray quenching fog quenching
A method in which steel or steel parts are heated to austenitize and then quenched in a mist (aerosol) sprayed with a mixture of water and air.
4.3.23
Air-cooled quenching forced-air quenching; air-blast quenching
A method in which steel or steel parts are heated to austenitize and then quenched with compressed air.
4.3.24
impact hardening impact hardening
Input high energy to make the surface layer of steel parts reach austenite state at a very high heating speed. After stopping heating, heat is transferred in in a very short time.
Internal and quenching method.
4.3.25
slack quenching _
Steel or steel parts are heated to austenitization and then quenched at a cooling rate lower than the critical cooling rate of martensite to form one or more austenitic substances other than martensite.
stenotic transformation products.
4.3.26
Press hardeningpress hardening
Die hardening
After the steel parts are heated and austenitized, they are placed in a specific fixture and then quenched and cooled.
4.3.27
contact resistance heating quenchingcontact hardening
Quenching uses the contact resistance between the electrode (roller of highly conductive material) and the workpiece to heat the surface of the workpiece and rapidly cool it (self-cooling).
4.3.28
electrolytic quenching electrolytic hardening
The part of the workpiece to be hardened is immersed in the electrolyte and connected to the cathode, and the electrolyte tank is connected to the anode. After electricity is applied, the immersed part is heated due to the cathode effect.
Austenitization, quenching by electrolyte cooling after power outage.
4.3.29
Deformation quenching ausforming
The steel is plastically processed in a metastable austenite state below the recrystallization temperature, followed by quenching to obtain martensite and/or bainite.
deformation heat treatment process.
GB/T 7232—2023
4.3.30
Vacuum quenchingvacuum hardening ;vacuum quenching
The workpiece is heated and austenitized in a heating furnace with a pressure lower than 1×10⁵ Pa (usually 1×10⁻ ¹ Pa ~ 1×10-³Pa), followed by quenching by cooling in a gas or liquid medium.
4.3.31
Gas quenching _
Heating in vacuum and quenching in neutral and inert gases at high speed cycles of negative pressure, normal pressure or high pressure.
4.3.32
vacuum high pressure gas quenchingvacuum high pressure gas
quenching
Quenching in a vacuum furnace using single or multiple non-oxidizing gases higher than 0.5 MPa as the medium.
4.3.33
intensive quenching _
By controlling the flow, flow rate and pressure of the quenching medium, the cooling intensity and cooling temperature of the surface and core of the workpiece are controlled during the cooling process.
The degree of quenching is controlled so that the workpiece can obtain the required structure and stress distribution state.
4.3.34
hot bath hardeninghot bath hardening
The workpiece is quenched in a hot bath such as molten salt, molten alkali, molten metal or high-temperature oil.
4.3.35
salt bath quenchingsalt bath hardening
Steel or steel parts are quenched in a molten salt bath after being heated to austenitize.
4.3.36
lead bath quenchinglead bath hardening
Steel or steel parts are quenched in a molten lead bath after being heated to austenitize.
4.3.37
Cold treatmentsub -zero treating
After the workpiece is quenched and cooled to room temperature, it continues to be
cooled in general refrigeration equipment or low-temperature media (-60°C ~ -80°C).
4.3.38
cryogenic treatingcryogenic treating
A process in which the workpiece continues to be cooled in liquid nitrogen or liquid nitrogen vapor after quenching.
4.3.39
End quenching testJominy test ;end quenching test
A standard sample with a size of φ25 mm
A test method for measuring the relationship curve between the hardness and the distance from the water cooling end along the axis direction.
Note: This is the main method for measuring the hardenability of steel.
4.3.40
Hardening capacity _
A material characteristic characterized by the highest hardness that a steel can achieve when quenched under ideal conditions.
4.3.41
hardenability _
Material properties characterized by the quenching depth and hardness distribution of steel specimens under specified conditions.
4.3.42
hardenability curvehardenability curve
The relationship curve between the hardness and the distance from the water-cooled end measured in the end-quenching test of steel specimens.
GB/T 7232—2023
4.3.43
hardenability band hardenability band
The range of changes in the hardenability curve of steel of the same grade caused by fluctuations in chemical composition or austenite grain size.
4.3.44
quench- hardened layer
The hardened surface layer of the workpiece.
Note: It is generally characterized by the depth of the quenching hardened layer.
4.3.45
surface hardening depth ; SHD
When surface quenching, the vertical distance from the surface of the workpiece to the hardness limit.
Note: The limit hardness value is 0.8 times the minimum surface Vickers hardness required for the part.
4.3.46
hardness profile _
The hardness of the workpiece after quenching changes with distance from the surface to the center.
4.3.47
quenching medium; quenchant
The cooling medium used for quenching the workpiece.
Note: Commonly used solutions include water, water-soluble salts, alkali or organic solutions, as well as oil, molten salt and air.
4.3.48
Polymer quenching mediumpolymer solution
Water-soluble quenching mediumwater emulsion
Quenching medium prepared from water and polymer.
4.3.49
cooling power quenching power
The ability of the quenching medium to achieve a certain cooling rate of the standard sample under specified conditions.
4.3.50
characteristic cooling curve _
Specifies the curve of the cooling rate of the core of the test rod as a function of temperature.
Note: It reflects the cooling ability of the sample at different temperatures in the cooling medium.
4.3.51
quenching intensity quenching intensity
quenching intensity quench severity
Standardized index of the cooling capacity of the quenching medium.
Note: Indicated by H.
Example : The H values of several media are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Quenching cooling intensity H of workpieces in different quenching media
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GB/T 7232—2023
4.3.52
vapor film vapor film
The vaporization film formed around the workpiece during the first stage of quenching (water quenching or oil quenching).
4.3.53
Sorbiting treatment patenting
The medium carbon or high carbon steel wire or strip is heated and austenitized in A. The following appropriate temperature (~500
℃) hot bath is moderate or strong
It is cooled in a controlled flowing air flow to obtain sorbite or a structure dominated by sorbite.
Note: It is a special treatment method in the manufacture of high-strength steel wire or steel strip, including lead bath sorbitization, salt bath sorbitization and fluidized bed sorbitization.
Processing and many more.
4.3.54
Quenching-carbon partitioning quenching-partitioning
QP treatmentQP treatment _
The steel is quenched to the temperature range of M, ~M, and then raised
isothermally above the M, point. The carbon in the steel is distributed from supersaturated martensite to untransformed
In the transformed austenite, the final quenching process is a process in which martensite and retained austenite coexist.
4.3.55
quenching-carbon partitioning-tempering quenching-partitioning-tempering;
QPT treatmentQPT treatment _
The steel is quenched to the temperature range of M, ~M; and then raised to the
temperature range above M, for isothermal carbon distribution. Based on the carbon distribution, it is then kept at
a certain temperature to precipitate coherent and dispersed alloys on the martensite matrix. carbides, and finally quenched to obtain a martensitic distribution of alloy carbides.
A process in which austenite and retained austenite coexist.
4.4 Tempering type
4.4.1
Tempering _
Heat (or cool) the quenched workpiece to A.
Heat treatment in which the following temperature is maintained for a certain period of time and then cooled to room temperature
Craftsmanship.
4.4.2
low temperature tempering _
The workpiece is tempered below 250℃.
4.4.3
medium temperature tempering _
The workpiece is tempered in the range of 250℃~500℃.
4.4.4
high temperature tempering _
The workpiece is tempered above 500℃.
4.4.5
vacuum temperingvacuum tempering
The workpiece is first evacuated to a certain degree of vacuum in a vacuum furnace and then filled with inert gas for tempering.
4.4.6
Press tempering _
Tempering while applying pressure to correct quench cooling distortion.
GB/T 7232—2023
4.4.7
self tempering _
A process that uses the residual heat inside the partially or surface-hardened workpiece to temper the hardened part.
4.4.8
auto tempering _
The phenomenon of self-tempering due to the high M, point of the workpiece during the rapid cooling process to form martensite.
Note: This phenomenon occurs when low carbon steel is quenched and cooled.
4.4.9
induction tempering _
Tempering uses the heat generated by induced current passing through the workpiece to heat the surface, part or the whole of the workpiece and rapidly cool it.
4.4.10
secondary hardening _
The hardness of some high-alloy steels increases after one or more tempers.
Note: This hardening phenomenon is caused by the dispersed precipitation of carbides and/or the transformation of retained austenite into martensite or bainite.
4.4.11
Tempering resistance _
Tempering resistance
The ability of a workpiece to resist a decrease in hardness when tempered.
4.4.12
quenching and tempering _
A heat treatment process in which the workpiece is quenched and tempered at high temperature to form tempered sorbite.
4.4.13
tempering curve _
The relationship between the mechanical properties of the material and the tempering temperature.
4.4.14
Temper brittlenesstemper embrittment
After the workpiece is quenched and tempered in certain temperature ranges, the toughness decreases.
4.4.15
irreversible temper brittlenessirreversible temper embrittlement ;blue brittleness
Type I temper brittleness
After quenching, the toughness of the workpiece decreases after tempering in the range of 250℃~375℃.
4.4.16
reversible temper embrittment _
Type II temper brittleness
After quenching, alloy steel workpieces containing elements such as chromium, nickel, manganese, and silicon are tempered in the embrittlement temperature zone (400°C~550
°C), or at higher temperatures.
Tempering, the brittleness produced when cooled slowly.
Note: This brittleness can be eliminated by tempering again above the embrittlement temperature and cooling rapidly. After elimination, if it is tempered again in the embrittlement temperature zone or at a higher
If the temperature is tempered and cooled slowly, it will re-embrittle.
4.5 Solid solution and aging
4.5.1
solution treatment _
Heat treatment in which the workpiece is heated to an appropriate temperature and kept warm to fully dissolve the excess phase, and then rapidly cooled to obtain a supersaturated solid solution.
GB/T 7232—2023
4.5.2
aging _
After solution treatment or quenching, the workpiece is kept at room temperature or at an appropriate temperature higher than room temperature to achieve precipitation hardening.
Note: Aging performed at room temperature is called natural aging, and aging performed above room temperature is called artificial aging.
4.5.3
step aging _
After solid solution treatment, the workpiece is subjected to two or more aging treatments with gradually increasing temperature heating.
4.5.4
overageing _
When the workpiece is solution treated at a much higher temperature or for a much longer time than can obtain the best mechanical properties (strength and hardness)
Effective processing.
4.5.5
Maraging treatment
Maraging steel undergoes solid solution treatment and aging to precipitate intermetallic compound phases.
4.5.6
natural stabilization seasoning; natural aging
natural aging
Leaving cast iron parts in the open air for a long time (months or even years) to gradually relax the stress in the casting and stabilize its dimensions.
deal with.
4.5.7
deformation aging strain aging
A composite treatment that combines cold plastic processing and aging of aluminum alloy and copper alloy.
4.5.8
Reversion _
After some solution-treated aluminum alloys are naturally aged and hardened, they are heated for a short time below the solution treatment temperature (120°C~180°C).
The phenomenon of mechanical properties returning to the state of solid solution treatment.
4.5.9
water toughening water toughening
In order to improve the structure of some austenitic steels and increase the toughness of the material, the workpiece is heated to a high temperature to dissolve the excess phase, and then the heat of water cooling is
deal with.
Example: Mnl3
high manganese steel is heated to 1000℃~1100℃ and then cooled with water to eliminate carbides precipitated along the grain boundaries or slip zones to obtain high toughness.
and high wear resistance.
4.6 Carburizing type
4.6.1
Carburizing _
In order to increase the carbon content of the surface layer of the workpiece and form a certain carbon concentration gradient in it, the workpiece is heated and kept warm in the carburizing medium to make the carbon
Chemical heat treatment process of atomic infiltration.
4.6.2
carbonitriding carbonitriding
It is a chemical heat treatment process that simultaneously infiltrates carbon and nitrogen into the surface layer of the workpiece in the austenitic state, and mainly carburizes it.
4.6.3
Case hardening _
A surface hardening process in which the workpiece is carburized or carbonitrided and then quenched.
GB/T 7232—2023
4.6.4
gas carburizinggas carburizing
The workpiece is carburized in carbon-containing gas.
4.6.5
Vacuum carburizing _
low pressure carburizing
Carburizing is carried out in a vacuum furnace with a pressure below 1×10⁵ Pa (usually 10 Pa ~ 1×10⁻¹Pa).
4.6.6
Plasma carburizing _
In a carburizing atmosphere with a pressure lower than 1×10⁵ Pa (usually 10 Pa ~ 1×10-¹Pa) , the gas generated between the workpiece (cathode) and the anode is used.
Carburizing is carried out by glow discharge.
4.6.7
gas carbonitridinggas carbonitriding
Carbonitriding is carried out in an atmosphere containing carbon and nitrogen.
4.6.8
Plasma carbonitriding _
In a carbon- and nitrogen-containing atmosphere with a pressure lower than 1×10⁵ Pa (usually 10 Pa ~ 1×10-¹Pa) , the gap between the workpiece (cathode) and the anode is used.
The glow discharge produced carries out the carbonitriding.
4.6.9
carburizing temperature carburizing temperature
The temperature maintained by steel parts during the carburizing process.
4.6.10
carburizing time carburizing time
The time from when the workpiece reaches the carburizing temperature to when the carburizing process ends and begins to cool down.
4.6.11
carbon potential carbon potential
A parameter that characterizes the ability of a carbon-containing atmosphere to change the carbon content on the surface of a workpiece at a certain temperature.
Note: Usually monitored with an oxygen probe, the equilibrium carbon content of low carbon steel foil in a carbon-containing atmosphere is quantitatively monitored.
4.6.12
carbon activitycarbon activity
Activity of carbon in austenite.
Note: Carbon activity is directly proportional to the carbon concentration in austenite, and the ratio is called the activity coefficient. This activity coefficient is also a function of temperature and alloy element species dissolved in austenite.
class and its concentration as well as the concentration of carbon.
4.6.13
carbon profile carbon profile
The distribution of carbon in the carburized layer in the direction perpendicular to the surface of the carburized workpiece.
4.6.14
Case hardening depth ; CHD
Carburized hardened layer depth
The vertical distance from the surface to the specified hardness (usually 550 HV) after carburizing and quenching of the workpiece.
4.6.15
high temperature carburizing _
Carburizing at temperatures above 950°C.
GB/T 7232—2023
4.6.16
localized carburizing ; selective carburizing
Carburizing is carried out only on certain parts or areas of the workpiece.
4.6.17
Penetrating carburizing homogeneous carburizing
Carburizing that penetrates thin workpieces from the surface to the center.
4.6.18
Carbide dispersion carburizing _
Carburizing is used to obtain finely dispersed carbides on the surface of the workpiece to improve the serviceability of the workpiece.
4.6.19
sheet carburizing _
After the workpiece is carburized and quenched, the depth of the surface hardened layer is less than 0.3 mm.
4.6.20
deep carburizing _
After the workpiece is carburized and quenched, the depth of the surface hardened layer is more than 3 mm.
4.6.21
drip feed carburizing _
Gas carburizing is carried out by dropping liquid carburizing agents such as alcohol, ketone or kerosene directly into the furnace for cracking.
4.6.22
carburizing mediumcarburizing medium
carburizer
A medium in which carbon penetrates into the surface of a workpiece under given conditions.
4.6.23
enrich gas enrich gas
Carbon-containing gas (or carbon-containing liquid dropped) added in order to increase the carbon potential of the carburizing atmosphere.
Note: Commonly used gases include natural gas, propane, butane, and gases produced by the decomposition of kerosene or other hydrocarbons.
4.6.24
carrier gas _
The basic carburizing gas is introduced into the heat treatment furnace to form a positive pressure in the furnace.
4.6.25
strong penetration period boost period
The workpiece is carburized under high carbon potential carburizing atmosphere, so that its surface quickly reaches the stage of high carbon concentration.
4.6.26
diffusion period _
After the strong penetration is completed, the carbon potential of the atmosphere is intentionally reduced, so that the amount of carbon diffused inward from the carbon-rich surface layer exceeds the amount of carbon transferred to the workpiece surface by the medium, thus
This is the stage where the carbon concentration gradient of the carburized layer tends to be flat.
4.6.27
carbon availability carbon availability
The amount of carbon that 1 m³ (under standard conditions) of gas can transfer to the surface of the workpiece when the carbon potential of the atmosphere decreases from 1% to 0.9% . Note: The unit is grams per cubic meter (g/m³).
4.6.28
carbon mass transfer coefficient carbon mass transfer coefficient
The amount of carbon transferred from the atmosphere to the unit area of the workpiece surface in unit time (seconds) (carbon flux) is related to the carbon potential of the atmosphere and the carbon content of the workpiece surface (carbon
steel).
GB/T 7232—2023
4.6.29
decarburizing _
A chemical heat treatment that intentionally decarbonizes the surface of a workpiece.
4.6.30
carbon restoration _
Carburizing is performed to restore the initial carbon content after the workpiece has been decarburized for some reason.
4.6.31
过渗碳 overcarburizing;excess carburizing
During carburizing, excessive carbon potential causes carbides to precipitate in the carburizing layer, or excessive residual austenite is produced after carburizing and quenching.
4.6.32
dew point dew point
The temperature at which water vapor in the atmosphere begins to condense.
Note: It is directly proportional to the water vapor content in the atmosphere. The higher the water vapor content, the higher the dew point. When gas carburizing is performed, the atmosphere can be determined indirectly by measuring the dew point.
Carbon potential.
4.6.33
direct hardeningdirect hardening
After carburizing, the workpiece is directly quenched from the carburizing temperature or to the quenching temperature.
4.6.34
single -quench hardening
After carburizing, the workpiece is cooled from the carburizing temperature to room temperature and then reheated for quenching.
4.6.35
Double -quench hardening
After carburizing, the workpiece is quenched from the carburizing temperature to room temperature and then reheated for quenching.
4.6.36
Carburized layer refinement and quenching case refining
After carburizing, the workpiece is cooled to the A of the carburized layer,
kept warm for a certain period of time, and then heated to the carburizing and quenching temperature for quenching.
4.6.37
core refining _
After carburizing, the workpiece is cooled to the core A,
kept warm for a certain period of time, and then heated to the carburizing and quenching temperature for quenching.
4.6.38
blank carburizingblank carburizing
Pseudo carburizing
In order to predict the structural characteristics and achievable mechanical properties of the core of the workpiece after carburization, the sample was subjected to the original carburizing and quenching in a neutral medium.
The heat treatment cycle is exactly the same.
4.6.39
pre- oxidizing treatment
The workpiece is heated and oxidized in air at around 400°C before carburizing.
Note: The purpose is to remove grease on the surface of the workpiece and activate the surface.
4.7 Nitriding type
4.7.1
渗氮 nitriding
A chemical heat treatment process that penetrates nitrogen atoms into the surface of the workpiece in a certain medium at a certain temperature.
GB/T 7232—2023
4.7.2
Nitrocarburizing _
The surface of the workpiece is infiltrated with nitrogen and carbon at the same time, and a chemical heat treatment process based on nitriding is used.
4.7.3
single stage nitriding _
The nitriding process is carried out at a certain temperature and a certain nitrogen potential.
4.7.4
multiple stage nitriding _
Nitriding process carried out under two or more temperatures and multiple nitrogen potential conditions.
4.7.5
gas nitridinggas nitriding
Nitriding in a gas that provides reactive nitrogen atoms.
4.7.6
Plasma nitriding _
In a nitriding atmosphere below 1×10⁵ Pa (usually 10 Pa ~ 1×10-¹Pa) , the heat generated between the workpiece (cathode) and the anode is utilized.
Nitriding by glow discharge.
4.7.7
liquid nitridingliquid nitriding
Nitriding in molten salt containing nitriding agent.
4.7.8
vacuum nitridingvacuum nitriding
Gas nitriding is carried out in a vacuum furnace at a pressure below atmospheric pressure.
4.7.9
gas nitrocarburizinggas nitrocarburizing
It is a chemical heat treatment process that uses gas to simultaneously infiltrate nitrogen and carbon into the surface of the workpiece, and mainly uses nitriding.
4.7.10
liquid nitrocarburizing _
The workpiece is simultaneously infiltrated with nitrogen and carbon in molten salt, and is a chemical heat treatment process based on nitriding.
4.7.11
Ammonia decomposition rate ammonia dissociation
During gas nitriding, the ammonia introduced into the furnace is decomposed into hydrogen and active nitrogen atoms.
Note:
Generally expressed as a percentage. At a certain nitriding temperature, the ammonia decomposition rate depends on the amount of ammonia supplied. The more ammonia supplied, the lower the decomposition rate and the higher the nitrogen content on the surface of the workpiece.
high. When the amount of ammonia supply is fixed, the higher the temperature, the higher the decomposition rate.
4.7.12
nitrogen potentialnitrogen potential
Parameter that characterizes the ability of the nitriding atmosphere to provide active nitrogen atoms to the workpiece at a certain temperature.
Note: Monitoring is usually carried out by adjusting the ammonia decomposition rate. The greater the ammonia flow rate, the lower the ammonia decomposition rate and the higher the nitrogen potential of the atmosphere. When using controlled nitriding, hydrogen probes are often used
Control, the nitrogen potential is K. express.
4.7.13
nitriding medium nitriding medium
Nitriding agent
A medium that infiltrates nitrogen into the surface of the workpiece under given conditions.
GB/T 7232—2023
4.7.14
nitrogen potential thresholdnitrogen potential threshold
Under actual production conditions, corresponding to a certain nitriding time, the minimum nitrogen potential required to form a compound layer on the surface of steel parts.
Note: The longer the nitriding time, the lower the nitrogen potential threshold.
4.7.15
nitrogen concentration distributionnitrogen profile
The distribution of nitrogen in the nitrided layer in the direction perpendicular to the surface of the nitrided workpiece.
4.7.16
nitriding hardness depth _
nitriding depth nitriding depth
The vertical distance from the surface of the nitrided workpiece to the point where the hardness is 50 HV higher than the core.
Note: Expressed in NHD.
4.7.17
Nitride _
The compound formed between nitrogen and base metal elements during nitriding.
Note: Common nitrides during nitriding of carbon steel include γ'-Fe₁N, e-Fe(2-3)N, S-Fe₂N, etc.
4.7.18
compound layer compound layer
white layer white layer
The nitride layer on the surface of the nitrided workpiece.
4.7.19
diffusion layerdiffusion layer
The nitriding layer is from below the compound layer to the nitriding layer between the substrate.
4.7.20
denitriding _
A process performed to remove excess nitrogen from the nitrided surface layer.
4.7.21
complex nitride _
The nitride formed by nitrogen in the nitriding layer and two or more base metal elements.
4.7.22
Blank nitridingblank nitriding
The same test as the nitriding process was carried out in a neutral medium that neither adds nor removes nitrogen.
Note: The purpose is to understand whether the core structure and mechanical properties of the workpiece after nitriding according to this process can meet the predetermined requirements.
4.8 Infiltrating metals and other non-metals
4.8.1
metallizing ; metal cementation
Chemical heat treatment in which the workpiece is heated to an appropriate temperature and kept warm in a penetrant containing the metal elements to be penetrated, so that these elements can penetrate into the surface layer.
Craftsmanship.
4.8.2
渗铝 aluminizing
A chemical heat treatment process that penetrates aluminum into the surface of the workpiece.
GB/T 7232—2023
4.8.3
chromizing _
A chemical heat treatment process that penetrates chromium into the surface of the workpiece.
4.8.4
sheradizing _
A chemical heat treatment process that penetrates zinc into the surface of the workpiece.
4.8.5
titanizing _
A chemical heat treatment process that penetrates titanium into the surface of the workpiece.
4.8.6
vanadizing _
A chemical heat treatment process that infiltrates vanadium into the surface of the workpiece.
4.8.7
ion metallizing _
The workpiece is heated to a higher temperature in a plasma field containing the infiltrated metal, and metal atoms are deposited on the surface at a higher rate and move toward the interior.
Diffusion process.
4.8.8
Metal carbide coating carbide coating
In high-temperature borax molten salt containing special metals (vanadium, niobium, chromium, titanium, etc.), chemical reactions occur between metal atoms and carbon and nitrogen atoms in the workpiece.
should be the carbide coating formed on the surface of the workpiece.
4.8.9
boriding _
A chemical heat treatment process that infiltrates boron into the surface of the workpiece.
4.8.10
boride layer boride layer
Boron compounds are formed on the surface of the workpiece during boronizing.
4.8.11
siliconizing _
A chemical heat treatment process that penetrates silicon into the surface of the workpiece.
4.8.12
渗硫 sulphurizing
A chemical heat treatment process that penetrates sulfur into the surface of the workpiece.
4.9 Multi-component co-penetration type
4.9.1
multicomponent thermochemical treatment _
A chemical heat treatment process that simultaneously penetrates two or more elements into the surface of the workpiece.
4.9.2
sulpho -nitriding
A chemical heat treatment process in which sulfur and nitrogen are simultaneously infiltrated into the surface of the workpiece.
4.9.3
sulpho- nitrocarburizing ;sulphidizing
A chemical heat treatment process in which the workpiece is simultaneously infiltrated with sulfur, nitrogen and carbon in molten salt.
GB/T 7232—2023
4.9.4
oxynitriding _
A nitriding process in which oxygen is added to the nitriding medium.
4.9.5
oxynitrocarburizing _
Nitrocarburizing process in which oxygen participates in infiltration.
4.9.6
oxidizing _
During nitriding or nitrocarburizing, the surface of the workpiece is oxidized to form a dense black oxide film.
Example: post-oxidation after nitriding or nitrocarburizing, oxynitrogen or oxycarbonitriding during nitriding or nitrocarburizing.
4.9.7
Chromoaluminizing _
A chemical heat treatment process in which chromium and aluminum penetrate into the surface of the workpiece at the same time.
Note: Similar to this type, there are chromium-aluminum-silicon co-infiltration, chromium-boron co-infiltration, chromium-silicon co-infiltration, chromium-vanadium co-infiltration, aluminum-boron co-infiltration and vanadium-boron co-infiltration.
4.9.8
Nitrogen, carbon and oxygen composite treatment quench-polish-quench; QPQ
The workpiece is nitrocarburized and oxidized in molten salt respectively. After intermediate polishing, it is oxidized in molten salt to improve the workpiece quality.
Composite heat treatment process for wear resistance and corrosion resistance of parts.
4.10 Surface treatment
4.10.1
surface melting treatmentsurface melting treatment
It is a process that uses laser, electron beam, etc. to quickly heat the surface of the workpiece to melt and then solidify quickly through self-cooling.
4.10.2
laser claddinglaser cladding
High-energy-density laser beams are used to quickly melt metal surfaces with different compositions and properties, forming completely different characteristics from the matrix on the surface.
Rapid solidification process of alloy layers with the same composition and properties.
4.10.3
laser shock processinglaser shock processing
A strong pulsed laser beam is used to impact the surface of a metal workpiece. The laser beam interacts with the energy conversion material coated on the surface of the workpiece to induce strong
The shock wave penetrates the surface of the workpiece to produce plastic deformation and strengthen the surface technology.
4.10.4
ion implantation _
It is a surface modification process that ionizes pre-selected element atoms, accelerates them through an electric field, obtains high energy, and then injects them into the workpiece.
4.10.5
ion plating _
Under vacuum conditions, gas discharge is used to partially ionize the gas or the evaporated substance, and the gas ions or evaporated substance ions are bombarded by the gas discharge.
A method of depositing evaporated substances or their reactants onto a substrate.
Note: Including magnetron sputtering ion plating, reactive ion plating, hollow cathode discharge ion plating (hollow cathode evaporation method), multi-arc ion plating (cathode metal arc ion plating)
plating) etc.
4.10.6
Micro-arc oxidation micro-arc oxidation
A technology that directly grows ceramic films in situ on the surface of non-ferrous metals.
GB/T 7232—2023
Note: The micro-arc oxidation ceramic film is firmly combined with the substrate, has a dense structure, and has good wear resistance, corrosion resistance, high temperature impact resistance and electrical insulation properties.
4.10.7
physical vapor deposition ; PVD
Under vacuum heating conditions, physical methods such as evaporation, glow discharge, arc discharge, and sputtering are used to provide atoms and ions so that they can be deposited on the workpiece surface.
The process of surface deposition to form thin films.
Note: This includes evaporation, sputter deposition, magnetron sputtering and various ion beam deposition methods.
4.10.8
chemical vapor deposition ; CVD
A process that forms a thin film on the surface of a workpiece through a chemical gas phase reaction.
4.10.9
Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition ; PECVD; plasma assisted
chemical vapor deposition;PACVD
Chemical vapor deposition uses the energy of various plasmas to promote the dissociation and activation of reactive gases to enhance chemical reactions.
Note: This includes radio frequency discharge plasma chemical vapor deposition, microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition, and electron cyclotron resonance microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition.
Deposition, DC arc plasma spray chemical vapor deposition, etc.
4.10.10
high current pulsed electron beam irradiationhigh current pulsed electron
beam irradiation
The high-energy and high-density electron beam is irradiated onto the surface of the metal material, causing the surface metal to melt, vaporize and erupt the melt, forming a non-equilibrium structure.
The structural layer improves the wear resistance, corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance of the material.
4.10.11
Thermal spraying _
Metal surface processing in which the molten spray material is atomized and sprayed on the surface of the part through high-speed airflow to form a spray coating.
method.
4.10.12
Plasma spraying _
Thermal spraying method using non-transfer arc plasma (plasma arc) as heat source.
Note: The plasma spraying method that uses gas, liquid or water to generate and stabilize the plasma arc is called gas-stabilized, liquid-stabilized or water-stabilized plasma spraying.
4.10.13
sandblasting _
Use 400 kPa ~ 600 kPa
compressed air to spray sand particles onto the surface of the workpiece at high speed to remove the oxide scale and adhesive on the surface of the workpiece.
Attachments.
Note: In order to reduce the harm caused by sandblasting dust to the environment and human body, liquid sandblasting is now mostly used.
4.10.14
shot peening
Use a shot blaster or nozzle to shoot steel shot at the surface of the workpiece at high speed to remove the oxide scale and adhesion on the surface of the workpiece.
Note: If the ejection speed is large enough, compressive stress can be formed on the surface of the workpiece to achieve the purpose of improving the fatigue strength of the workpiece.
4.10.15
Surface oxidation treatment blacking
blackened
blueing
The workpiece is heated to room temperature or to an appropriate temperature in an oxidizing medium so that the polished surface of the workpiece is covered with a dense oxide film.
Processing technology.
GB/T 7232—2023
4.10.16
steam treatmentsteam treatment
The workpiece is heated in superheated steam at 500℃~560℃ and held for a certain period of time to form a dense oxide film on the surface of the workpiece.
Surface treatment process.
4.10.17
Phosphating _
A surface treatment process in which the workpiece is immersed in a phosphate solution to form a phosphate film on the surface of the workpiece.
Further reading
More information can be found in GB-T 7232-2023 Metal Heat Treatment Terminology. Further learning