User authentication and authorization are integral components when building modern web applications. FastAPI provides a variety of methods to implement authentication to ensure that only authorized users can access specific resources or perform specific operations. This article will introduce the authentication methods in FastAPI, including basic concepts, practical cases, and some tips and tricks.
Basic concepts of authentication in FastAPI
Before we start discussing specific authentication methods, let us first understand some basic concepts:
1. Authentication : Authentication is the process of determining the identity of a user. Typically, users are required to provide credentials (such as username and password) to authenticate.
2. Authorization : Authorization is the process of determining whether a user has permission to perform specific operations or access specific resources. Once a user is successfully authenticated, authorization rules determine the actions they can perform.
3. Token : Token is a token that represents the user’s identity. Typically, the user is given a token upon successful login, which is then included in a header or request parameter on each subsequent request.
4.Middleware : Middleware is a piece of code that is executed before or after processing a request and can be used to add additional processing logic, including authentication.
Authentication methods in FastAPI
1. Basic HTTP Authentication
Basic HTTP authentication is one of the simplest authentication methods and requires the user to provide a username and password. FastAPI can use Python base64modules to decode usernames and passwords in HTTP headers.
2. OAuth2.0
OAuth2.0 is a more complex authentication method that allows users to authenticate through third-party services. FastAPI provides tools such as OAuth2PasswordBearer, OAuth2PasswordRequestFormetc. to simplify the implementation of OAuth2.0.
3. Custom authentication middleware
If you need more highly customized authentication logic, you can write custom authentication middleware. This allows you to have full control over the authentication process and handle it before every request.
Practical cases
In order to demonstrate the authentication method, a simple API based on FastAPI is created below , which includes two routes: a public route and a route that requires authentication. We will use basic HTTP authentication as the authentication method and add detailed comments for each route. First, make sure FastAPI and uvicorn are installed:
Now, let's create a main.py file called with the following content:
In the above code, we created a FastAPI application containing two routes. public_data The route is public and does not require authentication. The router secure_data uses basic HTTP authentication for authentication. To run this example, use the following command:
http://localhost:8000/secure-data/ You can now test routes that require authentication by accessing them in a browser or API client , providing the correct username and password. At the same time, you can also access http://localhost:8000/ to test public routes without authentication.
Tips, Tricks and Considerations
- Always use HTTPS to protect the transmission of user credentials.
- When storing passwords, they should be stored using password hashes rather than clear text passwords.
- Carefully manage and protect your authentication tokens to prevent security breaches.
- Understand and follow best practices for OAuth2.0 and other authentication protocols to ensure application security.
How to debug FastAPI interface
You can use the interface tool Apifox to debug, Apifox = Postman + Swagger + Mock + JMeter. Apifox supports debugging interfaces of Dubbo , http(s), WebSocket, Socket, gRPC and other protocols, and integrates the IDEA plug-in . After writing the service interface, you can use Apifox to verify the correctness of the interface during the testing phase. The graphical interface greatly facilitates the efficiency of project launch.
If you want to quickly debug an interface, after creating a new project, select "Debug Mode" in the project , fill in the request address, and then quickly send the request and obtain the response result. The above practical case is shown in the figure:
Summarize
FastAPI provides a variety of flexible authentication methods, allowing you to choose the method that best suits your application needs. From basic HTTP authentication to OAuth2.0 and custom authentication middleware, FastAPI provides powerful tools and support for building secure web applications.
Knowledge expansion:
Reference links:
- FastAPI official documentation: FastAPI
- OAuth2.0 official documentation: OAuth 2.0 — OAuth
- Python base64 module documentation: