Table of contents
1. Configuration file division
Additional extended configuration
1. Configuration file division
worker_processes 1;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
sendfile on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
location{
}
server {
}
}
- The nginx configuration file consists of three parts
Part One: Global Blocks
From the beginning of the configuration file to the events block, you will mainly set some configuration instructions that affect the overall operation of the nginx server, including configuring the user (group) running the Nginx server, the number of worker processes allowed to be generated, the process PID storage path, and logs. Storage path and type and the introduction of configuration files, etc.
For example, the first line configured above
worker_processes 1;
This is the key configuration of the Nginx server concurrent processing service. The larger the worker_processes value, the more concurrent processing it can support, but it will be restricted by hardware, software and other equipment.
Part 2: events block
The instructions involved in the events block mainly affect the network connection between the Nginx server and the user. Common settings include whether to enable serialization of network connections under multiple work processes, whether to allow multiple network connections to be received at the same time, and which event-driven model to choose. To handle connection requests, the maximum number of connections that each word process can support simultaneously, etc. **
The above example indicates that the maximum number of connections supported by each work process is 1024.
This part of the configuration has a greater impact on the performance of Nginx and should be configured flexibly in practice.
Part 3: http
This is the most frequent part of the Nginx server configuration. Most functions such as proxy, cache and log definitions and the configuration of third-party modules are here.
It should be noted that: http block can also include http global block and server block.
http全局块
http全局块配置的指令包括文件引入、MIME-TYPE 定义、日志自定义、连接超时时间、单链接请求数上限等。
server 块
这块和虚拟主机有密切关系，虚拟主机从用户角度看，和一台独立的硬件主机是完全一样的，
该技术的产生是为了 节省互联网服务器硬件成本。
每个 http 块可以包括多个 server 块，而每个 server 块就相当于一个虚拟主机。
而每个 server 块也分为全局 server 块，以及可以同时包含多个 locaton 块。
全局 server 块
最常见的配置是本虚拟机主机的监听配置和本虚拟主机的名称或IP配置。
location 块
一个 server 块可以配置多个 location 块。
这块的主要作用是基于 Nginx 服务器接收到的请求字符串（例如 server_name/uri-string），
对虚拟主机名称 （也可以是IP 别名）之外的字符串（例如 前面的 /uri-string）进行匹配，
对特定的请求进行处理。 地址定向、数据缓 存和应答控制等功能，
还有许多第三方模块的配置也在这里进行。
2. Detailed configuration
user nginx nginx ;
Nginx users and groups: user groups. Not specified under window
worker_processes 8;
Worker processes: number. Depending on the hardware adjustment, it is usually equal to the number of CPUs or 2 times the CPU.
pid logs/nginx.pid;
pid (process identifier): storage path.
worker_rlimit_nofile 204800;
Specifies the maximum number of descriptors that a process can open.
This instruction refers to the maximum number of file descriptors opened by an nginx process. The theoretical value should be the maximum number of open files (ulimit -n) divided by the number of nginx processes. However, nginx allocation requests are not so uniform, so it is best to use ulimit The value of -n remains consistent.
Now under the Linux 2.6 kernel, the number of open files is 65535, and worker_rlimit_nofile should be filled in with 65535 accordingly.
This is because the allocation of requests to processes during nginx scheduling is not so balanced, so if you fill in 10240 and the total concurrency reaches 30,000-40,000, the number of processes may exceed 10240, and a 502 error will be returned.
events
use epoll;
Use epoll's I/O model. Linux recommends epoll, FreeBSD recommends kqueue, and it is not specified under window.
worker_connections 204800;
The maximum number of connections per worker process. Adjust it according to the hardware and use it in conjunction with the previous working process. Try to make it as large as possible, but don't run the CPU to 100%. The maximum number of connections allowed per process. Theoretically, the maximum number of connections per nginx server is. worker_processes*worker_connections
keepalive_timeout 60;
keepalive timeout.
client_header_buffer_size 4k;
Buffer size for client request headers. This can be set according to your system paging size. Generally, the size of a request header will not exceed 1k. However, since system paging is generally larger than 1k, the paging size is set here.
The paging size can be obtained with the command getconf PAGESIZE.
[root@web001 ~]# getconf PAGESIZE
4096
But there are also cases where client_header_buffer_size exceeds 4k, but the value of client_header_buffer_size must be set to an integral multiple of "system paging size".
open_file_cache max=65535 inactive=60s;
This will specify the cache for open files. It is not enabled by default. max specifies the number of caches. It is recommended to be consistent with the number of open files. Inactive refers to how long the cache will be deleted after the file has not been requested.
open_file_cache_valid 80s;
This refers to how often the cached valid information is checked.
open_file_cache_min_uses 1;
The minimum number of uses of the file within the inactive parameter in the open_file_cache directive. If this number is exceeded, the file descriptor is always opened in the cache. As in the above example, if a file is not used once within the inactive time, it will be moved. remove.
}
http server, using its reverse proxy function to provide load balancing support
http
include mime.types;
设定mime类型,类型由mime.type文件定义
default_type application/octet-stream;
log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
log_format log404 '$status [$time_local] $remote_addr $host$request_uri $sent_http_location';
日志格式设置。
$remote_addr与$http_x_forwarded_for用以记录客户端的ip地址；
$remote_user：用来记录客户端用户名称；
$time_local： 用来记录访问时间与时区；
$request： 用来记录请求的url与http协议；
$status： 用来记录请求状态；成功是200，
$body_bytes_sent ：记录发送给客户端文件主体内容大小；
$http_referer：用来记录从那个页面链接访问过来的；
$http_user_agent：记录客户浏览器的相关信息；
通常web服务器放在反向代理的后面，这样就不能获取到客户的IP地址了，通过$remote_add拿到的IP地址是反向代理服务器的iP地址。反向代理服务器在转发请求的http头信息中，可以增加x_forwarded_for信息，用以记录原有客户端的IP地址和原来客户端的请求的服务器地址。
access_log logs/host.access.log main;
access_log logs/host.access.404.log log404;
用了log_format指令设置了日志格式之后，需要用access_log指令指定日志文件的存放路径；
server_names_hash_bucket_size 128;
#保存服务器名字的hash表是由指令server_names_hash_max_size 和server_names_hash_bucket_size所控制的。参数hash bucket size总是等于hash表的大小，并且是一路处理器缓存大小的倍数。在减少了在内存中的存取次数后，使在处理器中加速查找hash表键值成为可能。如果hash bucket size等于一路处理器缓存的大小，那么在查找键的时候，最坏的情况下在内存中查找的次数为2。第一次是确定存储单元的地址，第二次是在存储单元中查找键 值。因此，如果Nginx给出需要增大hash max size 或 hash bucket size的提示，那么首要的是增大前一个参数的大小.
client_header_buffer_size 4k;
客户端请求头部的缓冲区大小。这个可以根据你的系统分页大小来设置，一般一个请求的头部大小不会超过1k，不过由于一般系统分页都要大于1k，所以这里设置为分页大小。分页大小可以用命令getconf PAGESIZE取得。
large_client_header_buffers 8 128k;
客户请求头缓冲大小。nginx默认会用client_header_buffer_size这个buffer来读取header值，如果
header过大，它会使用large_client_header_buffers来读取。
open_file_cache max=102400 inactive=20s;
这个指令指定缓存是否启用。
例: open_file_cache max=1000 inactive=20s;
open_file_cache_valid 30s;
open_file_cache_min_uses 2;
open_file_cache_errors on;
open_file_cache_errors
语法:open_file_cache_errors on | off 默认值:open_file_cache_errors off 使用字段:http, server, location 这个指令指定是否在搜索一个文件是记录cache错误.
open_file_cache_min_uses
语法:open_file_cache_min_uses number 默认值:open_file_cache_min_uses 1 使用字段:http, server, location 这个指令指定了在open_file_cache指令无效的参数中一定的时间范围内可以使用的最小文件数,如果使用更大的值,文件描述符在cache中总是打开状态.
open_file_cache_valid
语法:open_file_cache_valid time 默认值:open_file_cache_valid 60 使用字段:http, server, location 这个指令指定了何时需要检查open_file_cache中缓存项目的有效信息.
client_max_body_size 300m;
设定通过nginx上传文件的大小
sendfile on;
sendfile指令指定 nginx 是否调用sendfile 函数（zero copy 方式）来输出文件，对于普通应用，必须设为on。如果用来进行下载等应用磁盘IO重负载应用，可设置为off，以平衡磁盘与网络IO处理速度，降低系统uptime。
tcp_nopush on;
此选项允许或禁止使用socke的TCP_CORK的选项，此选项仅在使用sendfile的时候使用
proxy_connect_timeout 90;
后端服务器连接的超时时间_发起握手等候响应超时时间
proxy_read_timeout 180;
连接成功后_等候后端服务器响应时间_其实已经进入后端的排队之中等候处理（也可以说是后端服务器处理请求的时间）
proxy_send_timeout 180;
后端服务器数据回传时间_就是在规定时间之内后端服务器必须传完所有的数据
proxy_buffer_size 256k;
设置从被代理服务器读取的第一部分应答的缓冲区大小，通常情况下这部分应答中包含一个小的应答头，默认情况下这个值的大小为指令proxy_buffers中指定的一个缓冲区的大小，不过可以将其设置为更小
proxy_buffers 4 256k;
设置用于读取应答（来自被代理服务器）的缓冲区数目和大小，默认情况也为分页大小，根据操作系统的不同可能是4k或者8k
proxy_busy_buffers_size 256k;
proxy_temp_file_write_size 256k;
设置在写入proxy_temp_path时数据的大小，预防一个工作进程在传递文件时阻塞太长
proxy_temp_path /data0/proxy_temp_dir;
proxy_temp_path和proxy_cache_path指定的路径必须在同一分区
proxy_cache_path /data0/proxy_cache_dir levels=1:2 keys_zone=cache_one:200m inactive=1d max_size=30g;
#设置内存缓存空间大小为200MB，1天没有被访问的内容自动清除，硬盘缓存空间大小为30GB。
keepalive_timeout 120;
keepalive超时时间。
tcp_nodelay on;
client_body_buffer_size 512k;
如果把它设置为比较大的数值，例如256k，那么，无论使用firefox还是IE浏览器，来提交任意小于256k的图片，都很正常。如果注释该指令，使用默认的client_body_buffer_size设置，也就是操作系统页面大小的两倍，8k或者16k，问题就出现了。
无论使用firefox4.0还是IE8.0，提交一个比较大，200k左右的图片，都返回500 Internal Server Error错误
proxy_intercept_errors on;
表示使nginx阻止HTTP应答代码为400或者更高的应答。
upstream bakend {
server 127.0.0.1:8027;
server 127.0.0.1:8028;
server 127.0.0.1:8029;
hash $request_uri;
}load mode
nginx的upstream目前支持4种方式的分配
1、轮询（默认）
每个请求按时间顺序逐一分配到不同的后端服务器，如果后端服务器down掉，能自动剔除。
2、weight
指定轮询几率，weight和访问比率成正比，用于后端服务器性能不均的情况。
例如：
upstream bakend {
server 192.168.0.14 weight=10;
server 192.168.0.15 weight=10;
}
2、ip_hash
每个请求按访问ip的hash结果分配，这样每个访客固定访问一个后端服务器，可以解决session的问题。
例如：
upstream bakend {
ip_hash;
server 192.168.0.14:88;
server 192.168.0.15:80;
}
3、fair（第三方）
按后端服务器的响应时间来分配请求，响应时间短的优先分配。
upstream backend {
server server1;
server server2;
fair;
}
4、url_hash（第三方）
按访问url的hash结果来分配请求，使每个url定向到同一个后端服务器，后端服务器为缓存时比较有效。
例：在upstream中加入hash语句，server语句中不能写入weight等其他的参数，hash_method是使用的hash算法
upstream backend {
server squid1:3128;
server squid2:3128;
hash $request_uri;
hash_method crc32;
}
tips:
upstream bakend{#定义负载均衡设备的Ip及设备状态}{
ip_hash;
server 127.0.0.1:9090 down;
server 127.0.0.1:8080 weight=2;
server 127.0.0.1:6060;
server 127.0.0.1:7070 backup;
}
在需要使用负载均衡的server中增加
proxy_pass http://bakend/;
每个设备的状态设置为:
1.down表示单前的server暂时不参与负载
2.weight为weight越大，负载的权重就越大。
3.max_fails：允许请求失败的次数默认为1.当超过最大次数时，返回proxy_next_upstream模块定义的错误
4.fail_timeout:max_fails次失败后，暂停的时间。
5.backup： 其它所有的非backup机器down或者忙的时候，请求backup机器。所以这台机器压力会最轻。
nginx支持同时设置多组的负载均衡，用来给不用的server来使用。
client_body_in_file_only设置为On 可以讲client post过来的数据记录到文件中用来做debug
client_body_temp_path设置记录文件的目录 可以设置最多3层目录
location对URL进行匹配.可以进行重定向或者进行新的代理 负载均衡server
##Configure virtual machine
{ listen 80; 配置监听端口 server_name image.***.com; 配置访问域名 location ~* \.(mp3|exe)$ { 对以“mp3或exe”结尾的地址进行负载均衡 proxy_pass http://img_relay$request_uri; 设置被代理服务器的端口或套接字，以及URL proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; 以上三行，目的是将代理服务器收到的用户的信息传到真实服务器上 } location /face { if ($http_user_agent ~* "xnp") { rewrite ^(.*)$ http://211.151.188.190:8080/face.jpg redirect; } proxy_pass http://img_relay$request_uri; proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; error_page 404 502 = @fetch; } location @fetch { access_log /data/logs/face.log log404; rewrite ^(.*)$ http://211.151.188.190:8080/face.jpg redirect; } location /image { if ($http_user_agent ~* "xnp") { rewrite ^(.*)$ http://211.151.188.190:8080/face.jpg redirect; } proxy_pass http://img_relay$request_uri; proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; error_page 404 502 = @fetch; } location @fetch { access_log /data/logs/image.log log404; rewrite ^(.*)$ http://211.151.188.190:8080/face.jpg redirect; } }
Additional extended configuration
server
{
listen 80;
server_name *.***.com *.***.cn;
location ~* \.(mp3|exe)$ {
proxy_pass http://img_relay$request_uri;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
}
location / {
if ($http_user_agent ~* "xnp") {
rewrite ^(.*)$ http://i1.***img.com/help/noimg.gif redirect;
}
proxy_pass http://img_relay$request_uri;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
#error_page 404 http://i1.***img.com/help/noimg.gif;
error_page 404 502 = @fetch;
}
location @fetch {
access_log /data/logs/baijiaqi.log log404;
rewrite ^(.*)$ http://i1.***img.com/help/noimg.gif redirect;
}
}
server
{
listen 80;
server_name *.***img.com;
location ~* \.(mp3|exe)$ {
proxy_pass http://img_relay$request_uri;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
}
location / {
if ($http_user_agent ~* "xnp") {
rewrite ^(.*)$ http://i1.***img.com/help/noimg.gif;
}
proxy_pass http://img_relay$request_uri;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
#error_page 404 http://i1.***img.com/help/noimg.gif;
error_page 404 = @fetch;
}
#access_log off;
location @fetch {
access_log /data/logs/baijiaqi.log log404;
rewrite ^(.*)$ http://i1.***img.com/help/noimg.gif redirect;
}
}
server
{
listen 8080;
server_name ngx-ha.***img.com;
location / {
stub_status on;
access_log off;
}
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name imgsrc1.***.net;
root html;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name ***.com w.***.com;
# access_log /usr/local/nginx/logs/access_log main;
location / {
rewrite ^(.*)$ http://www.***.com/ ;
}
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name *******.com w.*******.com;
# access_log /usr/local/nginx/logs/access_log main;
location / {
rewrite ^(.*)$ http://www.*******.com/;
}
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name ******.com;
# access_log /usr/local/nginx/logs/access_log main;
location / {
rewrite ^(.*)$ http://www.******.com/;
}
}
location /NginxStatus {
stub_status on;
access_log on;
auth_basic "NginxStatus";
auth_basic_user_file conf/htpasswd;
}
#设定查看Nginx状态的地址
location ~ /\.ht {
deny all;
}
#禁止访问.htxxx文件
}extra attention
注释：变量
Ngx_http_core_module模块支持内置变量，他们的名字和apache的内置变量是一致的。
首先是说明客户请求title中的行，例如$http_user_agent,$http_cookie等等。
此外还有其它的一些变量
$args此变量与请求行中的参数相等
$content_length等于请求行的“Content_Length”的值。
$content_type等同与请求头部的”Content_Type”的值
$document_root等同于当前请求的root指令指定的值
$document_uri与$uri一样
$host与请求头部中“Host”行指定的值或是request到达的server的名字（没有Host行）一样
$limit_rate允许限制的连接速率
$request_method等同于request的method，通常是“GET”或“POST”
$remote_addr客户端ip
$remote_port客户端port
$remote_user等同于用户名，由ngx_http_auth_basic_module认证
$request_filename当前请求的文件的路径名，由root或alias和URI request组合而成
$request_body_file
$request_uri含有参数的完整的初始URI
$query_string与$args一样
$sheeme http模式（http,https）尽在要求是评估例如
Rewrite ^(.+)$ $sheme://example.com$; Redirect;
$server_protocol等同于request的协议，使用“HTTP/或“HTTP/
$server_addr request到达的server的ip，一般获得此变量的值的目的是进行系统调用。为了避免系统调用，有必要在listen指令中指明ip，并使用bind参数。
$server_name请求到达的服务器名
$server_port请求到达的服务器的端口号
$uri等同于当前request中的URI，可不同于初始值，例如内部重定向时或使用indexreference link