An exception is an unexpected event or error condition that occurs during program execution. It may be caused by input errors, calculation errors, insufficient resources, changes in the external environment, etc. In an object-oriented programming language, an exception usually refers to an error that cannot be continued during the running of the program, resulting in the termination of the program or unexpected results.
The importance of exception handling lies in its ability to improve program stability and reliability. In a real application scenario, the program may face various abnormal situations, such as file does not exist, network connection is interrupted, resource exhaustion, etc. If proper exception handling is not performed, these exceptions may cause the program to crash or produce wrong results, seriously affecting user experience and system stability. Through reasonable exception handling, we can take corresponding measures when an exception occurs, such as providing friendly error prompts, logging errors, trying to fix the exception, or exiting the program gracefully. This prevents abnormal termination of the program, increases the fault tolerance of the program, and protects the system from abnormal conditions. In addition to increasing program stability and reliability, good exception handling also helps to better locate and solve problems. By catching exceptions and performing detailed error logging, developers can more easily troubleshoot and debug errors, thereby improving development efficiency and quality.
1. C# exception handling mechanism
1.1 Inheritance structure of exception class
In C#, exception handling is implemented through the inheritance structure of exception classes. All exception classes are derived from the System.Exception class, which is the foundation of the exception class inheritance structure. The System.Exception class defines some basic properties and methods for use by derived exception classes.
The exception class inheritance structure in C# is as follows:
- System.Exception: It is the base class of all exception classes, which contains the basic information of the exception, such as message, stack trace, etc. It has two main derived classes:
- System.SystemException: It is the base class of exception classes defined by the system and is usually thrown by the system.
- System.ApplicationException: It is the base class for user-defined exception classes, usually thrown by the application.
- Some common exception classes derived from System.SystemException:
- System.NullReferenceException: An exception thrown when trying to access a member of a null object.
- System.IndexOutOfRangeException: Exception thrown when trying to access an index that does not exist in an array or collection.
- System.DividedByZeroException: An exception thrown when the divisor is zero.
- System.ArithmeticException: The base class for arithmetic operation exceptions.
- User-defined exception classes derived from System.ApplicationException:
Users can define their own exception types by deriving from the System.ApplicationException class according to their own needs, so as to better distinguish different types of exceptions.
Using the inheritance structure of exception classes, developers can choose to catch and handle different types of exceptions according to the specific exception situation. Generally speaking, exceptions thrown by the system are exceptions derived from the System.SystemException class, while user-defined exceptions are usually exceptions derived from the System.ApplicationException class. When catching exceptions, different processing logic can be performed according to the exception type, such as logging, giving user-friendly error prompts, and retrying. The inheritance structure of exception class makes exception handling more flexible and customizable, which helps to improve the fault tolerance and maintainability of the program.
1.2 try-catch block
In C#, try-catch block is an important construct for exception handling. A try-catch block allows us to write code to catch and handle exceptions that may occur, thus avoiding program crashes or unexpected results. The basic syntax of a try-catch block is as follows:
try
{
// 可能会抛出异常的代码
}
catch (ExceptionType1 ex1)
{
// 处理 ExceptionType1 类型的异常
}
catch (ExceptionType2 ex2)
{
// 处理 ExceptionType2 类型的异常
}
// 可以有多个 catch 块，用于处理不同类型的异常
catch (Exception ex)
{
// 处理其他类型的异常
}
finally
{
// 可选的 finally 块，无论是否发生异常，都会执行其中的代码
}
In a try block, we write code that may throw an exception. If an exception occurs in the code in the try block, the program will jump to the catch block and match the corresponding catch block according to the type of exception to handle the exception. The exception handling logic can be written in the catch block, such as logging, giving user-friendly error prompts, etc. If no catch block matches the type of the exception, the exception is passed up the call stack to a try-catch block, or if there is no matching try-catch block, the program crashes. The finally block is optional, it is executed after the end of the try-catch block, and the code in it will be executed regardless of whether an exception occurs. The finally block is usually used to release resources or perform some cleanup work, such as closing files, database connections, etc.
By using the try-catch block, we can capture and handle possible exceptions, improving the fault tolerance and stability of the program. At the same time, the correct release of resources can also be ensured in the finally block to avoid resource leaks. Overall, the try-catch block is one of the key tools for handling exceptions in C#.
1.3 throw statement
In C#, the throw statement is used to manually throw exceptions. When the program executes to the throw statement, it immediately terminates the execution of the current code block and throws the specified exception object to the upper try-catch block in the call stack, or if there is no matching try-catch block, it causes program crash.
The basic syntax of the throw statement is as follows:
throw exception;
Among them, exception is an exception object derived from the System.Exception class. Through the throw statement, we can customize the exception and throw it to notify the caller that an exception has occurred.
For example, we can check the legality of parameters in a method, and throw an ArgumentException if the parameters do not meet the requirements:
public void Calculate(int value)
{
if (value <= 0)
{
throw new ArgumentException("value must be greater than zero.", nameof(value));
}
// 其他计算逻辑
}
When calling the Calculate method, if the value passed in is less than or equal to zero, an ArgumentException will be thrown, and "value must be greater than zero." will be displayed in the exception message, and the parameter name "value" will be specified.
Using the throw statement allows us to customize the exception type and throw an exception when needed, thereby providing clearer and meaningful exception information. At the same time, through the reasonable use of try-catch block and throw statement, the exception handling mechanism can be realized to ensure the stability and maintainability of the program.
1.4 finally block
In C#, finallya block is try-catchan optional part of a structure that contains code that executes whether or not an exception occurs. Regardless of trywhether an exception is thrown in the block, finallythe code in the block will be executed to ensure the correct release and cleanup of resources.
finallyThe basic syntax of a block is as follows:
try
{
// 可能会抛出异常的代码
}
catch (ExceptionType1 ex1)
{
// 处理 ExceptionType1 类型的异常
}
catch (ExceptionType2 ex2)
{
// 处理 ExceptionType2 类型的异常
}
// 可以有多个 catch 块，用于处理不同类型的异常
catch (Exception ex)
{
// 处理其他类型的异常
}
finally
{
// 无论是否发生异常，都会执行其中的代码
}
finallyBlocks are typically used to perform operations such as resource cleanup, closing files, database connections, or freeing memory. The code in the block will be executed regardless of whether tryan exception is thrown in the block . finallyThis means that even if tryan exception occurs in the block and jumps to the corresponding catchblock, finallythe code in the block will still be executed to ensure the correct release of resources.
For example, if an exception occurs when using file reading and writing, such as the file does not exist or cannot be accessed, we can finallyensure that the file stream is properly closed in the block:
FileStream fileStream = null;
try
{
fileStream = new FileStream("example.txt", FileMode.Open);
// 其他文件读写操作
}
catch (IOException ex)
{
// 处理文件读写异常
}
finally
{
// 确保文件流被关闭
if (fileStream != null)
{
fileStream.Close();
}
}
In this example, the code in the block closes the file stream regardless of whether tryan exception is thrown in the block , ensuring that the file resource is released. Blocks are a very useful construct for ensuring that code is executed regardless of whether an exception occurs, and necessary cleanup is performed.finally
finally
1.5 try-catch-finally nesting
In C#, try-catch-finallyblocks can be nested, that is, a tryblock or catchblock is nested within another try-catch-finallyblock. finallySuch a nested structure allows different levels of exceptions to be handled, and the final resource release and cleanup is performed in the outermost block.
Here is try-catch-finallyan example of nesting of blocks:
try
{
// 外层 try 块
try
{
// 内层 try 块
// 可能会抛出异常的代码
}
catch (ExceptionType1 ex1)
{
// 处理内层 try 块中抛出的 ExceptionType1 类型的异常
}
finally
{
// 内层 finally 块，用于内层资源的释放和清理
}
}
catch (ExceptionType2 ex2)
{
// 处理外层 try 块中抛出的 ExceptionType2 类型的异常
}
finally
{
// 外层 finally 块，用于外层资源的释放和清理
}
In this nested example, tryan exception may be thrown in the inner block. If an exception occurs, it will jump to the corresponding catchblock for processing, and then execute finallythe code in the inner block. Then, control returns to the outer try-catch-finallyblock, which is executed catch(if there is a matching exception type), and finally the outer block is executed finally.
With nested try-catch-finallyblocks, we can handle exceptions at different levels and ensure that resources are properly released in any case, maintaining code reliability and stability. In actual development, the nested exception handling structure can help us better manage code exceptions and resource management.
2. Catch and handle exceptions
2.1 Catch specific types of exceptions
In C#, you can use catchblocks to catch specific types of exceptions and handle different types of exceptions differently. The following are examples of catching specific types of exceptions:
try
{
// 可能会抛出异常的代码
int[] arr = new int[5];
int result = arr[10]; // 会抛出 IndexOutOfRangeException
}
catch (IndexOutOfRangeException ex)
{
// 处理 IndexOutOfRangeException 类型的异常
Console.WriteLine("发生了索引超出范围的异常：" + ex.Message);
}
catch (DivideByZeroException ex)
{
// 处理 DivideByZeroException 类型的异常
Console.WriteLine("发生了除以零的异常：" + ex.Message);
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
// 处理其他类型的异常（如果上面的 catch 块没有匹配到异常）
Console.WriteLine("发生了其他类型的异常：" + ex.Message);
}
finally
{
// 最终的资源释放和清理
}
In the above example, the code that may throw an exception is first tried to execute. When an exception occurs, the system will catchlook for processing logic that matches the type of the thrown exception in the block. If a matching catchblock is found, the code in that block is executed, followed by finallythe block. If no matching catchblock is found, it will continue to search up the call stack until it finds a suitable catchblock or reaches the outermost level of the main program.
When catching specific types of exceptions, it is recommended to put the most specific exception type in the first catchblock and the most general Exceptiontype last. This ensures that the priority of exception handling is correct and avoids unnecessary error handling. At the same time, handing unhandled exceptions to the block Exceptionof type catchcan ensure that the program will not terminate when an unexpected exception occurs, ensuring the stability and reliability of the code.
2.2 Multiple catch blocks
In C#, we can use multiple catchblocks to catch different types of exceptions and handle different types of exceptions differently. The syntax for multiple catchblocks is a tryblock followed by multiple catchblocks. Each catchblock specifies a different exception type. When an exception is thrown, the system will catchsearch for the matching exception type in the order of the blocks and execute catchthe code in the first matching block.
Here is an example demonstrating catchthe use of multiple blocks:
try
{
// 可能会抛出异常的代码
int[] arr = new int[5];
int result = arr[10]; // 会抛出 IndexOutOfRangeException
}
catch (IndexOutOfRangeException ex)
{
// 处理 IndexOutOfRangeException 类型的异常
Console.WriteLine("发生了索引超出范围的异常：" + ex.Message);
}
catch (DivideByZeroException ex)
{
// 处理 DivideByZeroException 类型的异常
Console.WriteLine("发生了除以零的异常：" + ex.Message);
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
// 处理其他类型的异常（如果上面的 catch 块没有匹配到异常）
Console.WriteLine("发生了其他类型的异常：" + ex.Message);
}
finally
{
// 最终的资源释放和清理
}
In the above example, code that might throw an exception is first tried to execute, and when an exception occurs, the system looks catchfor a matching exception type in the order of the blocks. If a matching catchblock is found, the code in that block is executed and other catchblocks are skipped. If no matching catchblock is found, it will continue to search up the call stack until it finds a suitable catchblock or reaches the outermost level of the main program.
Using multiple catchblocks can handle different types of exceptions in more detail, increasing the flexibility and readability of the code. It is recommended to put the most specific exception type in the first catchblock and the most general Exceptiontype last to ensure that the priority of exception handling is correct and to avoid unnecessary error handling. At the same time, using multiple catchblocks can better organize and manage the exception handling code, making the code structure clearer and easier to maintain.
2.3 Catch basic exception types
In C#, many basic exception types can be caught. Here are some common basic exception types and their uses:
System.Exception: This is the base class for all exception types. Normally, we don't catch this exception directly, but use its subclasses to catch specific types of exceptions.System.ArithmeticException: Indicates an exception in an arithmetic operation, such as division by zero.System.IndexOutOfRangeException: Indicates an array index out of bounds exception.System.NullReferenceException: Indicates a null reference exception, thrown when trying to access a member of a null reference object.System.OutOfMemoryException: Indicates an out-of-memory exception, thrown when the required memory cannot be allocated.System.DivideByZeroException: Indicates a division by zero exception, thrown when the denominator of a division or modulo operation is zero.System.StackOverflowException: Indicates a stack overflow exception, which usually occurs during a recursive call.System.IO.IOException: Indicates input and output exceptions, used to handle errors in read and write operations of files and streams.System.FormatException: Indicates a formatting exception, which usually occurs when a string is converted to another type.System.ArgumentException: Indicates a parameter exception, usually thrown when an invalid parameter value is passed.System.NotSupportedException: Indicates an unsupported operation exception, thrown when an unsupported method or function is called.
In addition to the basic exception types listed above, there are many other exception types that can be caught in C#. When writing code, you should choose the appropriate exception type to catch according to the specific situation, so as to better handle the exception and recover from the error. At the same time, you can also customize exception types to represent specific application logic errors to increase code readability and maintainability.
2.4 Consequences of Uncaught Exceptions
Depending on the type of exception and where it occurs, uncaught exceptions can lead to unexpected program termination and instability. Here are some possible consequences of uncaught exceptions:
- Program crashes: Uncaught exceptions can cause a program to crash, terminating execution with an error message in the console or log. This results in a bad user experience and may even result in data loss or file corruption.
- Loss of data: When an exception occurs, if the exception is not handled correctly, it may result in the loss of unsaved data. For example, if an exception occurs in a file read and write operation, but it is not handled correctly, the written file content may be incomplete or damaged.
- Memory leaks: Some exceptions may cause resources not to be released correctly, resulting in memory leaks. If a memory leak occurs repeatedly, it may eventually cause the program to run slowly or crash.
- Instability: Uncaught exceptions can lead to program instability, making it difficult to predict and maintain. Unhandled exceptions can recur in different parts of the program, making them difficult to track down and fix.
- Security issues: Unhandled exceptions can be exploited by hackers, causing security holes. Hackers may use exceptions to obtain sensitive information or perform unauthorized operations.
To avoid the consequences of uncaught exceptions, developers should use exception handling mechanisms appropriately in their programs. By catching and handling exceptions, you can better control the flow of your program and take appropriate action to handle error conditions. At the same time, it is recommended to use the log system to record abnormal information, so as to investigate and troubleshoot problems when they occur. Reasonable handling of exceptions helps to improve the stability and reliability of the program.
3. Custom exceptions
3.1 Create a custom exception class
In C#, creating custom exception classes is very simple. You can define your own exception classes by extending the Exception class. Here is a sample code showing how to create a custom exception class:
using System;
// 自定义异常类
public class MyCustomException : Exception
{
// 构造函数
public MyCustomException()
{
}
// 带有异常消息的构造函数
public MyCustomException(string message)
: base(message)
{
}
// 带有异常消息和内部异常的构造函数
public MyCustomException(string message, Exception innerException)
: base(message, innerException)
{
}
}
// 使用自定义异常类的示例
public class Program
{
public static void Main()
{
try
{
// 抛出自定义异常
throw new MyCustomException("这是一个自定义异常");
}
catch (MyCustomException ex)
{
// 捕获并处理自定义异常
Console.WriteLine("捕获到自定义异常：" + ex.Message);
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
// 捕获其他异常
Console.WriteLine("捕获到异常：" + ex.Message);
}
}
}
In the above code, we defined a MyCustomExceptioncustom exception class named which inherits from the Exception class in C#. throwThen, we use the keyword to throw a custom exception in the Main method , and catchcatch and handle this custom exception in the block.
By customizing exception classes, we can create more meaningful exceptions based on business needs and exception types, and be able to better handle and identify error conditions that occur in the program. This makes the code clearer, easier to maintain, and improves the readability and reliability of the program.
3.2 Throw a custom exception
In C#, we can throw custom exceptions by creating custom exception classes. First, we need to define a custom exception class inherited from the Exception class, and then use the throwkeyword to throw the custom exception. Here is a sample code showing how to throw a custom exception:
using System;
// 自定义异常类
public class MyCustomException : Exception
{
// 构造函数
public MyCustomException()
{
}
// 带有异常消息的构造函数
public MyCustomException(string message)
: base(message)
{
}
// 带有异常消息和内部异常的构造函数
public MyCustomException(string message, Exception innerException)
: base(message, innerException)
{
}
}
// 使用自定义异常类的示例
public class Program
{
public static void Main()
{
try
{
// 模拟一个条件，如果满足，则抛出自定义异常
bool condition = true;
if (condition)
{
// 抛出自定义异常
throw new MyCustomException("这是一个自定义异常");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("条件不满足，没有抛出异常。");
}
}
catch (MyCustomException ex)
{
// 捕获并处理自定义异常
Console.WriteLine("捕获到自定义异常：" + ex.Message);
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
// 捕获其他异常
Console.WriteLine("捕获到异常：" + ex.Message);
}
}
}
In the above code, we defined a MyCustomExceptioncustom exception class named which inherits from the Exception class in C#. throwThen, we throw a custom exception in the Main method using the keyword.
In practical applications, when certain conditions are met, we can throwthrow a custom exception through the keyword, so as to actively raise an exception in the program for proper exception handling. This can make the code more flexible and reliable, and can also provide more exception information, which is convenient for debugging and troubleshooting.
3.3 Capture and handle custom exceptions
In C#, catching and handling custom exceptions is very similar to catching built-in exceptions. When we use in the code to throwthrow custom exceptions, we can try-catchcatch and handle these custom exceptions through the block. Here is a sample code showing how to catch and handle custom exceptions:
using System;
// 自定义异常类
public class MyCustomException : Exception
{
// 构造函数
public MyCustomException()
{
}
// 带有异常消息的构造函数
public MyCustomException(string message)
: base(message)
{
}
// 带有异常消息和内部异常的构造函数
public MyCustomException(string message, Exception innerException)
: base(message, innerException)
{
}
}
// 使用自定义异常类的示例
public class Program
{
public static void Main()
{
try
{
// 模拟一个条件，如果满足，则抛出自定义异常
bool condition = true;
if (condition)
{
// 抛出自定义异常
throw new MyCustomException("这是一个自定义异常");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("条件不满足，没有抛出异常。");
}
}
catch (MyCustomException ex)
{
// 捕获并处理自定义异常
Console.WriteLine("捕获到自定义异常：" + ex.Message);
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
// 捕获其他异常
Console.WriteLine("捕获到异常：" + ex.Message);
}
}
}
In the code above, we define a MyCustomExceptioncustom exception class called and use to throwthrow a custom exception. In Mainthe method, we use try-catcha block to catch exceptions that may be thrown. When the condition is met, the custom exception will be caught and processed, and the exception information will be printed out; if the condition is not met, no exception will be thrown, and the corresponding prompt information will be output directly.
4. Exception chain
4.1 InnerException property
In C#, a InnerExceptionproperty is Exceptiona member of the class that is used to get or set the inner exception (that is, nested exception) that raised the current exception. When an exception is triggered by another exception, you can use InnerExceptionthe attribute to get the details of the outer exception, which is very useful for debugging and troubleshooting.
InnerExceptionThe type of the property is System.Exception, which means it can contain any Exceptionexception object that inherits from the class. If the current exception was raised by other exceptions, InnerExceptionthe property will contain this outer exception object; if the current exception is the root exception (that is, no other exceptions have been raised), the InnerExceptionproperty will be null. Here is a sample code that demonstrates how to use the attribute in C# InnerException:
using System;
public class Program
{
public static void Main()
{
try
{
// 在外部方法中抛出异常
OuterMethod();
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
// 捕获异常，并获取内部异常
if (ex.InnerException != null)
{
Console.WriteLine("捕获到外部异常：" + ex.Message);
Console.WriteLine("外部异常的类型：" + ex.GetType().FullName);
Console.WriteLine("内部异常的消息：" + ex.InnerException.Message);
Console.WriteLine("内部异常的类型：" + ex.InnerException.GetType().FullName);
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("捕获到根异常：" + ex.Message);
Console.WriteLine("根异常的类型：" + ex.GetType().FullName);
}
}
}
public static void OuterMethod()
{
try
{
// 在内部方法中抛出异常
InnerMethod();
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
// 将内部异常包装并抛出外部异常
throw new Exception("这是一个外部异常", ex);
}
}
public static void InnerMethod()
{
// 抛出内部异常
throw new Exception("这是一个内部异常");
}
}
In the above code, we defined three methods: InnerMethod(), OuterMethod()and Main(). InnerMethod()An internal exception is thrown in the method, and then the exception is caught in the OuterMethod()method, wrapped into an external exception and thrown. In Main()the method, we catch the external exception and use InnerExceptionthe attribute to get the information of the internal exception. The output will show the message and type of the outer exception and the message and type of the inner exception.
4.2 Build exception chain
In C#, we can use InnerExceptionthe attribute to build an exception chain, and nest an exception in another exception to form an exception chain. This is useful when dealing with multiple exception hierarchies or wrapping inner exceptions while catching outer ones.
Here is a sample code that demonstrates how to build exception chains:
using System;
public class Program
{
public static void Main()
{
try
{
// 在外部方法中抛出异常
OuterMethod();
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
// 捕获异常，并获取内部异常链
PrintExceptionChain(ex);
}
}
public static void OuterMethod()
{
try
{
// 在内部方法中抛出异常
InnerMethod();
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
// 将内部异常包装并抛出外部异常
throw new Exception("这是一个外部异常", ex);
}
}
public static void InnerMethod()
{
// 抛出内部异常
throw new Exception("这是一个内部异常");
}
public static void PrintExceptionChain(Exception ex)
{
// 打印异常链
Console.WriteLine("异常链：");
while (ex != null)
{
Console.WriteLine("异常消息：" + ex.Message);
Console.WriteLine("异常类型：" + ex.GetType().FullName);
ex = ex.InnerException;
}
}
}
In the code above, we define three methods: InnerMethod(), OuterMethod()and Main(), and a helper method PrintExceptionChain(). InnerMethod()An internal exception is thrown in the method, and then the exception is caught in the OuterMethod()method, wrapped into an external exception and thrown. In Main()the method, we catch this external exception and use PrintExceptionChain()the method to print the exception chain. After running the code, you will see that the exception chain contains the details of the inner exception and the outer exception.
5. Best practices and precautions
Here are some best practices and considerations when using exception handling:
- Use exception handling only for exceptional situations : Exception handling should be used to handle unexpected error conditions and should not be used to control the normal flow of the program. Excessive use of exception handling can affect performance, so throwing and catching exceptions during normal flow should be avoided as much as possible.
- Use specific exception types : Try to use specific exception types to catch specific errors instead of using generic
Exceptiontypes. This allows for more precise identification and handling of different types of exceptions, improving code readability and maintainability. - It should make sense to handle exceptions : after catching an exception, appropriate measures should be taken to handle the exception, such as logging, displaying an error message to the user, rolling back the transaction, and so on. Simply ignoring exceptions or doing nothing with them can lead to difficult-to-debug problems.
- Avoid empty catch blocks : Avoid using empty
catchblocks, which will cause exceptions to be ignored, making it difficult to locate and fix problems. If there is no suitable processing logic, you can consider letting the exception continue to be thrown to the upper layer, or at least record the log. - Avoid catching exceptions in loops : Catching exceptions in loops can cause performance issues. If possible, handle exceptions outside the loop, or use conditionals inside the loop to avoid exceptions.
- Use the finally block to release resources : If
tryyou open resources (such as files, database connections, etc.) in the block, you shouldfinallyensure that the resources are released in time in the block, and the release operation can be performed even when an exception occurs. - Catch exceptions at the right time : Exceptions should be caught and handled at the right time, such as exception handling when accessing external resources (file reading and writing, network requests, etc.) or operations that may cause exceptions.
- Use a custom exception class : In some cases, it may be necessary to define a custom exception class to express a specific error condition and improve the readability and maintainability of the exception.
- Regularly check exception handling code : Exception handling code may change as the code is modified, so exception handling code should be checked and maintained regularly to ensure that it is still valid.
- Handle exceptions at the appropriate level : Exceptions should be handled at the appropriate level. Business-related exceptions are handled at the business logic layer, while more generic exceptions such as system errors or unhandled exceptions are handled at higher layers.
6. Summary
This article introduces in detail the importance and mechanism of exception handling in C#. An exception is an error or abnormal situation that occurs during program execution, and plays an important role in the robustness and stability of the program.
The article first expounds the concept of exception and the inheritance structure of exception class, and creates a custom exception class by inheriting from the Exception class, so as to better capture and handle different types of exceptions. Then, the article introduces the use of try-catch block, which enables the program to continue to execute or take appropriate measures by catching exceptions and handling them in the catch block.
In terms of best practices for exception handling, the article emphasizes considerations such as good error message output and using finally blocks to release resources. In addition, building exception chains and using the InnerException property allows for better tracking and handling of exceptions.