A complete collection of Linux common commands necessary for testers... [dry goods sharing]

A complete collection of Linux common commands (very complete!!!)

I have been dealing with Linux recently, and I feel pretty good. I think Linux is more troublesome than windows because many things need to be controlled by commands. Of course, this is also the reason why many people like linux. It is relatively short but powerful. I will list the commands I have learned for your reference only:

system message

arch Displays the processor architecture of the machine
uname -m shows the processor architecture of the machine
uname -r shows the kernel version in use
dmidecode -q show hardware system components - (SMBIOS/DMI)
hdparm -i /dev/hda lists the architectural properties of a disk
hdparm -tT /dev/sda performs a test read on the disk
cat /proc/cpuinfo display CPU info information
cat /proc/interrupts shows interrupts
cat /proc/meminfo check memory usage
cat /proc/swaps shows which swaps are used
cat /proc/version shows the version of the kernel
cat /proc/net/dev displays network adapters and statistics
cat /proc/mounts shows mounted filesystems
lspci -tv list PCI devices
lsusb -tv show usb devices
date display system date
cal 2007 displays the calendar for 2007
date 041217002007.00 Set date and time - month day hour minute year.second
clock -w save time modification to BIOS

Shutdown (shutdown, restart and logout of the system)

shutdown -h now shut down the system
init 0 shut down the system
telinit 0 shut down the system
shutdown -h hours:minutes & Shut down the system according to the scheduled time
shutdown -c cancels shutting down the system at a scheduled time
shutdown -r now restart
reboot reboot
logout

files and directories

cd /home into the '/home' directory'
cd .. Return to the previous directory
cd ../.. Return to the previous two directories
cd into your home directory
cd ~user1 enters the personal home directory
cd - return to last directory
pwd show working path
ls View files in a directory
ls -F View files in a directory
ls -l displays detailed information about files and directories
ls -a show hidden files
ls *[0-9]* Display file and directory names containing numbers
tree Displays the tree structure of files and directories starting from the root directory
lstree displays the tree structure of files and directories starting from the root directory
mkdir dir1 creates a directory called 'dir1'
mkdir dir1 dir2 creates two directories at the same time
mkdir -p /tmp/dir1/dir2 creates a directory tree
rm -f file1 Delete a file called 'file1''
rmdir dir1 removes a directory called 'dir1'
rm -rf dir1 Delete a directory called 'dir1' and delete its contents
rm -rf dir1 dir2 delete both directories and their contents
mv dir1 new_dir rename/move a directory
cp file1 file2 copies a file
cp dir/* . Copy all files in a directory to the current working directory
cp -a /tmp/dir1 . Copy a directory to the current working directory
cp -a dir1 dir2 copy a directory
cp -r dir1 dir2 copy a directory and subdirectories
ln -s file1 lnk1 creates a soft link pointing to a file or directory
ln file1 lnk1 creates a physical link to a file or directory
touch -t 0712250000 file1 Modify the timestamp of a file or directory - (YYMMDDhhmm)
file file1 outputs the mime type of the file as text
iconv -l list known encodings
iconv -f fromEncoding -t toEncoding inputFile > outputFile creates a new from the given input file by assuming it is encoded in fromEncoding and converting it to toEncoding.
find . -maxdepth 1 -name *.jpg -print -exec convert "{}" -resize 80x60 "thumbs/{}" \; batch resize files in the current directory and send them to a thumbnails directory (requires convert from Imagemagick)

file search

find / -name file1 starts from '/' to enter the root file system to search for files and directories
find / -user user1 searches for files and directories belonging to user 'user1'
find /home/user1 -name \*.bin searches for files ending with '.bin' in the directory '/home/user1'
find /usr/bin -type f -atime +100 Search for executable files that have not been used in the past 100 days
find /usr/bin -type f -mtime -10 Search for files created or modified within 10 days
find / -name \*.rpm -exec chmod 755 '{}' \; Search for files ending with '.rpm' and define their permissions
find / -xdev -name \*.rpm Search for files ending with '.rpm', ignoring removable devices such as CD-ROMs and shortcuts
locate \*.ps finds files ending in '.ps' - run 'updatedb' first
whereis halt shows the location of a binary, source or man
which halt displays the full path to a binary or executable

mount a filesystem

mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/hda2 mounts a disk called hda2 - make sure the directory '/mnt/hda2' already exists
umount /dev/hda2 Unmount a disk called hda2 - first exit from the mount point '/mnt/hda2'
fuser -km /mnt/hda2 Force unmount when device is busy
umount -n /mnt/hda2 runs the unmount without writing the /etc/mtab file - useful when the file is read-only or when the disk is full
mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy mount a floppy disk
mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom mount a cdrom or dvdrom
mount /dev/hdc /mnt/cdrecorder mount a cdrw or dvdrom
mount /dev/hdb /mnt/cdrecorder mount a cdrw or dvdrom
mount -o loop file.iso /mnt/cdrom mount a file or ISO image file
mount -t vfat /dev/hda5 /mnt/hda5 mount a Windows FAT32 file system
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usbdisk mount a usb shortcut or flash device
mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass //WinClient/share /mnt/share mount a windows network share

disk space

df -h displays a list of mounted partitions
ls -lSr |more Arrange files and directories by size
du -sh dir1 Estimate the disk space used by the directory 'dir1'
du -sk * | sort -rn Display the size of files and directories in order based on the size of the capacity
rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}t%{NAME}n' | sort -k1,1n Display the space used by the installed rpm packages in turn based on size (fedora, redhat-like systems)
dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}t${Package}n' | sort -k1,1n Display the space used by the installed deb package according to the size (ubuntu, debian-like system )

users and groups

groupadd group_name Create a new user group
groupdel group_name delete a user group
groupmod -n new_group_name old_group_name Rename a user group
useradd -c "Name Surname " -g admin -d /home/user1 -s /bin/bash user1 Create a user belonging to the "admin" user group
useradd user1 creates a new user
userdel -r user1 delete a user ('-r' exclude home directory)
usermod -c "User FTP" -g system -d /ftp/user1 -s /bin/nologin user1 Modify user attributes
passwd Change password
passwd user1 Modify a user's password (only root execution is allowed)
chage -E 2005-12-31 user1 Set the expiration date of the user password
pwck checks '/etc/passwd' for file format and syntax corrections and existing users
grpck checks '/etc/passwd' for file format and syntax corrections and existing groups
newgrp group_name Login into a new group to change the default group for newly created files

File permissions - use "+" to set permissions, "-" to cancel

ls -lh show permissions
ls /tmp | pr -T5 -W$COLUMNS Divide the terminal into 5 columns for display
chmod ugo+rwx directory1 Set the directory owner (u), group (g) and others (o) to read (r), write (w) and execute (x) permissions
chmod go-rwx directory1 delete group (g) and others (o) read, write and execute permissions on the directory
chown user1 file1 Change the owner attribute of a file
chown -R user1 directory1 Change the owner attribute of a directory and change the attributes of all files in the directory at the same time
chgrp group1 file1 change the group of the file
chown user1:group1 file1 Change the owner and group attributes of a file
find / -perm -u+s lists all files in a system that use SUID control
chmod u+s /bin/file1 sets the SUID bit of a binary file - the user running the file is also given the same permissions as the owner
chmod us /bin/file1 disable SUID bit for a binary file
chmod g+s /home/public Set a directory's SGID bit - like SUID, but for directories
chmod gs /home/public disables the SGID bit for a directory
chmod o+t /home/public Set a file's STIKY bit - allow only legal owners to delete files
chmod ot /home/public disables the STIKY bit for a directory

File special attributes - use "+" to set permissions, "-" to cancel

chattr +a file1 only allows reading and writing files in append mode
chattr +c file1 allows this file to be automatically compressed/decompressed by the kernel
chattr +d file1 When doing a file system backup, the dump program will ignore this file
chattr +i file1 set to an immutable file that cannot be deleted, modified, renamed or linked
chattr +s file1 allows a file to be safely deleted
chattr +S file1 Once the application program writes to this file, the system immediately writes the modified result to the disk
chattr +u file1 If the file is deleted, the system will allow you to restore the deleted file later
lsattr displays special attributes

Pack and compress files

bunzip2 file1.bz2 unzip a file called 'file1.bz2'
bzip2 file1 compresses a file called 'file1'
gunzip file1.gz decompresses a file called 'file1.gz'
gzip file1 Compress a file called 'file1'
gzip -9 file1 maximum compression
rar a file1.rar test_file creates a package called 'file1.rar'
rar a file1.rar file1 file2 dir1 compress 'file1', 'file2' and directory 'dir1' at the same time
rar x file1.rar decompress rar package
unrar x file1.rar decompress rar package
tar -cvf archive.tar file1 creates an uncompressed tarball
tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2 dir1 Create an archive containing 'file1', 'file2' and 'dir1'
tar -tf archive.tar displays the contents of a package
tar -xvf archive.tar releases a package
tar -xvf archive.tar -C /tmp release the compressed package to the /tmp directory
tar -cvfj archive.tar.bz2 dir1 Create a compressed package in bzip2 format
tar -jxvf archive.tar.bz2 decompress a compressed package in bzip2 format
tar -cvfz archive.tar.gz dir1 Create a compressed package in gzip format
tar -zxvf archive.tar.gz decompresses a compressed package in gzip format
zip file1.zip file1 creates a compressed package in zip format
zip -r file1.zip file1 file2 dir1 Compress several files and directories into a compressed package in zip format at the same time
unzip file1.zip Unzip a compressed package in zip format

RPM package - (Fedora, Redhat and similar systems)

rpm -ivh package.rpm install an rpm package
rpm -ivh --nodeeps package.rpm install an rpm package and ignore dependency warnings
rpm -U package.rpm updates an rpm package without changing its configuration file
rpm -F package.rpm update a confirmed installed rpm package
rpm -e package_name.rpm delete a rpm package
rpm -qa displays all installed rpm packages in the system
rpm -qa | grep httpd displays all rpm packages with "httpd" in their name
rpm -qi package_name Get specific information about an installed package
rpm -qg "System Environment/Daemons" displays the rpm package of a component
rpm -ql package_name displays a list of files provided by an installed rpm package
rpm -qc package_name displays a list of configuration files provided by an installed rpm package
rpm -q package_name --whatrequires displays a list of dependencies with an rpm package
rpm -q package_name --whatprovides displays the volume occupied by an rpm package
rpm -q package_name --scripts show scripts executed during installation/removal
rpm -q package_name --changelog displays the modification history of an rpm package
rpm -qf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf Confirm which rpm package provides the given file
rpm -qp package.rpm -l displays a list of files provided by an rpm package that has not been installed
rpm --import /media/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY import public key digital certificate
rpm --checksig package.rpm confirm the integrity of an rpm package
rpm -qa gpg-pubkey Confirm the integrity of all installed rpm packages
rpm -V package_name Check file size, permission, type, owner, group, MD5 check and last modification time
rpm -Va checks all installed rpm packages on the system - use with care
rpm -Vp package.rpm Confirm that an rpm package is not installed
rpm2cpio package.rpm | cpio --extract --make-directories *bin* Run executables from an rpm package
rpm -ivh /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/`arch`/package.rpm installs a built package from an rpm source
rpmbuild --rebuild package_name.src.rpm build an rpm package from an rpm source

YUM Package Upgrader - (Fedora, RedHat and similar)

yum install package_name download and install an rpm package
yum localinstall package_name.rpm will install an rpm package, using your own software repository to resolve all dependencies for you
yum update package_name.rpm updates all installed rpm packages in the current system
yum update package_name updates an rpm package
Yum remove package_name deletes an rpm package
yum list lists all packages installed in the current system
yum search package_name searches for packages in the rpm repository
yum clean packages to clean up rpm cache and delete downloaded packages
yum clean headers delete all header files
yum clean all removes all cached packages and header files

DEB package (Debian, Ubuntu and similar)

dpkg -i package.deb install/update a deb package
dpkg -r package_name removes a deb package from the system
dpkg -l displays all deb packages installed in the system
dpkg -l | grep httpd displays all deb packages with "httpd" in their names
dpkg -s package_name Get information about a particular package already installed on the system
dpkg -L package_name displays a list of files provided by a deb package already installed in the system
dpkg --contents package.deb display a list of files provided by a package that is not yet installed
dpkg -S /bin/ping Confirm which deb package provides the given file

APT software tools (Debian, Ubuntu and similar systems)

apt-get install package_name installs/updates a deb package
apt-cdrom install package_name install/update a deb package from CD
apt-get update upgrades packages in the list
apt-get upgrade upgrades all installed software
apt-get remove package_name removes a deb package from the system
apt-get check confirms that the dependent software warehouse is correct
apt-get clean cleans the cache from downloaded packages
apt-cache search searched-package returns the package name containing the searched string

view file content

cat file1 looks forward through the contents of the file starting from the first byte
tac file1 view the contents of a file in reverse, starting from the last line
more file1 view the contents of a long file
less file1 similar to the 'more' command, but it allows reverse operations on files as well as forward operations
head -2 file1 View the first two lines of a file
tail -2 file1 View the last two lines of a file
tail -f /var/log/messages View what is added to a file in real time

text processing

cat file1 file2 ... | command <> file1_in.txt_or_file1_out.txt general syntax for text manipulation using PIPE, STDIN and STDOUT
cat file1 | command( sed, grep, awk, grep, etc...) > result.txt Merge the detailed text of a file and write the introduction into a new file
cat file1 | command( sed, grep, awk, grep, etc...) >> result.txt Combine the detailed text of a file and write the introduction into an existing file
grep Aug /var/log/messages looks for the keyword "Aug" in the file '/var/log/messages'
grep ^Aug /var/log/messages Find words starting with "Aug" in the file '/var/log/messages'
grep [0-9] /var/log/messages selects all lines containing numbers in the '/var/log/messages' file
grep Aug -R /var/log/* Search for the string "Aug" in the directory '/var/log' and subsequent directories
sed 's/stringa1/stringa2/g' example.txt Replace "string1" in the example.txt file with "string2"
sed '/^$/d' example.txt removes all blank lines from the example.txt file
sed '/ *#/d; /^$/d' example.txt removes all comments and blank lines from the example.txt file
echo 'esempio' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' Merge the contents of the upper and lower cells
sed -e '1d' result.txt excludes the first line from the file example.txt
sed -n '/stringa1/p' View only lines containing the word "string1"
sed -e 's/ *$//' example.txt deletes the last blank character of each line
sed -e 's/stringa1//g' example.txt removes only the word "string1" from the document and keeps the rest
sed -n '1,5p;5q' example.txt View the content from the first line to the fifth line
sed -n '5p;5q' example.txt View line 5
sed -e 's/00*/0/g' example.txt replaces multiple zeros with a single zero
cat -n file1 indicates the number of lines in the file
cat example.txt | awk 'NR%2==1' deletes all even-numbered lines in the example.txt file
echo abc | awk '{print $1}' View the first column of a line
echo abc | awk '{print $1,$3}' View the first and third columns of a line
paste file1 file2 Merge the contents of two files or two columns
paste -d '+' file1 file2 Merge the contents of two files or two columns, separated by "+" in the middle
sort file1 file2 Sort the contents of two files
sort file1 file2 | uniq Take out the union of two files (only one copy of duplicate lines is kept)
sort file1 file2 | uniq -u remove intersection, leave other lines
sort file1 file2 | uniq -d Take out the intersection of two files (leave only files that exist in both files)
comm -1 file1 file2 Compare the contents of two files and delete only the contents contained in 'file1'
comm -2 file1 file2 Compare the contents of two files and delete only the contents contained in 'file2'
comm -3 file1 file2 Compare the contents of two files and delete only the parts common to both files

Character setting and file format conversion

dos2unix filedos.txt fileunix.txt converts a text file format from MSDOS to UNIX
unix2dos fileunix.txt filedos.txt Convert a text file format from UNIX to MSDOS
recode ..HTML < page.txt > page.html converts a text file into html
recode -l | more show all allowed conversion formats

file system analysis

badblocks -v /dev/hda1 Check for bad blocks on disk hda1
fsck /dev/hda1 repair/check the integrity of the linux filesystem on the hda1 disk
fsck.ext2 /dev/hda1 Repair/check the integrity of the ext2 filesystem on the hda1 disk
e2fsck /dev/hda1 Repair/check the integrity of the ext2 filesystem on the hda1 disk
e2fsck -j /dev/hda1 Repair/check the integrity of the ext3 filesystem on the hda1 disk
fsck.ext3 /dev/hda1 Repair/check the integrity of the ext3 filesystem on the hda1 disk
fsck.vfat /dev/hda1 Repair/check the integrity of the fat file system on the hda1 disk
fsck.msdos /dev/hda1 repair/check the integrity of the dos file system on the hda1 disk
dosfsck /dev/hda1 repair/check the integrity of the dos filesystem on disk hda1

initialize a filesystem

mkfs /dev/hda1 creates a file system on the hda1 partition
mke2fs /dev/hda1 creates a linux ext2 file system in the hda1 partition
mke2fs -j /dev/hda1 Create a linux ext3 (journal) file system in the hda1 partition
mkfs -t vfat 32 -F /dev/hda1 Create a FAT32 file system
fdformat -n /dev/fd0 format a floppy disk
mkswap /dev/hda3 creates a swap file system

SWAP file system

mkswap /dev/hda3 creates a swap file system
swapon /dev/hda3 enables a new swap file system
swapon /dev/hda2 /dev/hdb3 enable two swap partitions

backup

dump -0aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home Make a full backup of the '/home' directory
dump -1aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home Make an interactive backup of the '/home' directory
restore -if /tmp/home0.bak restore an interactive backup
rsync -rogpav --delete /home /tmp to synchronize the directories on both sides
rsync -rogpav -e ssh --delete /home ip_address:/tmp rsync via SSH channel
rsync -az -e ssh --delete ip_addr:/home/public /home/local Synchronize a remote directory to a local directory via ssh and compression
rsync -az -e ssh --delete /home/local ip_addr:/home/public Synchronize local directory to remote directory via ssh and compression
dd bs=1M if=/dev/hda | gzip | ssh user@ip_addr 'dd of=hda.gz' Perform an operation of backing up the local disk on the remote host through ssh
dd if=/dev/sda of=/tmp/file1 backup disk contents to a file
tar -Puf backup.tar /home/user Perform an interactive backup of the '/home/user' directory
( cd /tmp/local/ && tar c . ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/share/ && tar x -p' Copy a directory content in a remote directory via ssh
( tar c /home ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/backup-home && tar x -p' Copy a local directory in a remote directory via ssh
tar cf - . | (cd /tmp/backup ; tar xf - ) Copy a directory to another place locally, retaining the original permissions and links
find /home/user1 -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -av --target-directory=/home/backup/ --parents Find and copy all files ending with '.txt' from one directory to another
find /var/log -name '*.log' | tar cv --files-from=- | bzip2 > log.tar.bz2 Find all files ending with '.log' and make a bzip package
dd if=/dev/hda of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 count=1 Do an action to copy the content of MBR (Master Boot Record) to the floppy disk
dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1 restore MBR content from backup already saved to floppy

cdrecord -v gracetime=2 dev=/dev/cdrom -eject blank=fast -force Empty a rewritable CD
mkisofs /dev/cdrom > cd.iso Create an iso image file of a CD on disk
mkisofs /dev/cdrom | gzip > cd_iso.gz Create a compressed CD-ROM iso image file on disk
mkisofs -J -allow-leading-dots -R -V "Label CD" -iso-level 4 -o ./cd.iso data_cd Create an iso image file of a directory
cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom cd.iso Burn an ISO image file
gzip -dc cd_iso.gz | cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom - burn a compressed ISO image
mount -o loop cd.iso /mnt/iso Mount an ISO image file
cd-paranoia -B rip tracks from a CD to wav files
cd-paranoia -- "-3" rip tracks from a CD to wav files (parameter -3)
cdrecord --scanbus scan the bus to identify scsi channels
dd if=/dev/hdc | md5sum Verify the md5sum encoding of a device, such as a CD

Network - (Ethernet and WIFI Wireless )

ifconfig eth0 shows the configuration of an ethernet card
ifup eth0 enable an 'eth0' network device
ifdown eth0 disable an 'eth0' network device
ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 Control IP address
ifconfig eth0 promisc set 'eth0' to promiscuous mode to sniff packets (sniffing)
dhclient eth0 enable 'eth0' in dhcp mode
route -n show routing table
route add -net 0/0 gw IP_Gateway configura default gateway
route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 192.168.1.1 configure static route to reach network '192.168.0.0/16'
route del 0/0 gw IP_gateway remove static route
echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward activate ip routing
hostname show hostname of system
host http://www.example.com lookup hostname to resolve name to ip address and viceversa
nslookup http://www.example.com lookup hostname to resolve name to ip address and viceversa
ip link show show link status of all interfaces
mii-tool eth0 show link status of 'eth0'
ethtool eth0 show statistics of network card 'eth0'
netstat -tup show all active network connections and their PID
netstat -tupl show all network services listening on the system and their PID
tcpdump tcp port 80 show all HTTP traffic
iwlist scan show wireless networks
iwconfig eth1 show configuration of a wireless network card
hostname show hostname
host http://www.example.com lookup hostname to resolve name to ip address and viceversa
nslookup http://www.example.com lookup hostname to resolve name to ip address and viceversa
whois http://www.example.com lookup on Whois database

Finally share the benefits of a tester!

These materials should be the most comprehensive and complete preparation warehouse for [software testing] friends. This warehouse has also accompanied tens of thousands of test engineers through the most difficult journey, and I hope it can help you! Partners can click the small card below to receive

A complete collection of Linux common commands necessary for testers... [dry goods sharing]

Finally share the benefits of a tester!

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