Use of Docker images
The official docker image library is relatively slow. Before performing the image operation, you need to set the image source to a domestic site. Create a new file /etc/docker/daemon.json and enter the following content:
{
"registry-mirrors" : [
"https://registry.docker-cn.com",
"https://docker.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn",
"http://hub-mirror.c.163.com",
"https://cr.console.aliyun.com/"
]
}
Then restart the docker service:
systemctl restart docker
3.1 List all local mirrors
Execute the command docker images to view
$ docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
ubuntu 20.04 f643c72bc252 5 weeks ago 72.9MB
hello-world latest bf756fb1ae65 12 months ago 13.3kB
Currently, I only have the two mirrors I just installed locally.
3.2 Find mirrors from the mirror library
Execute the command docker search image name to search for images from the docker image library.
$ docker search python
NAME DESCRIPTION STARS OFFICIAL AUTOMATED
python Python is an interpreted, interactive, objec… 5757 [OK]
django Django is a free web application framework, … 1039 [OK]
pypy PyPy is a fast, compliant alternative implem… 260 [OK]
joyzoursky/python-chromedriver Python with Chromedriver, for running automa… 57 [OK]
nikolaik/python-nodejs Python with Node.js 57 [OK]
arm32v7/python Python is an interpreted, interactive, objec… 53
circleci/python Python is an interpreted, interactive, objec… 42
centos/python-35-centos7 Platform for building and running Python 3.5… 38
centos/python-36-centos7 Platform for building and running Python 3.6… 30
hylang Hy is a Lisp dialect that translates express… 29 [OK]
arm64v8/python Python is an interpreted, interactive, objec… 24
revolutionsystems/python Optimized Python Images 18
centos/python-27-centos7 Platform for building and running Python 2.7… 17
bitnami/python Bitnami Python Docker Image 10 [OK]
publicisworldwide/python-conda Basic Python environments with Conda. 6 [OK]
d3fk/python_in_bottle Simple python:alpine completed by Bottle+Req… 5 [OK]
dockershelf/python Repository for docker images of Python. Test… 5 [OK]
clearlinux/python Python programming interpreted language with… 4
i386/python Python is an interpreted, interactive, objec… 3
ppc64le/python Python is an interpreted, interactive, objec… 2
centos/python-34-centos7 Platform for building and running Python 3.4… 2
amd64/python Python is an interpreted, interactive, objec… 1
ccitest/python CircleCI test images for Python 0 [OK]
s390x/python Python is an interpreted, interactive, objec… 0
saagie/python Repo for python jobs 0
It is best to choose an official (OFFICIAL) mirror, which is the most stable.
3.3 Download a new image
Execute the command docker pull image name: version number to download the new image.
$ docker pull python:3.8
3.8: Pulling from library/python
6c33745f49b4: Pull complete
ef072fc32a84: Pull complete
c0afb8e68e0b: Pull complete
d599c07d28e6: Pull complete
f2ecc74db11a: Pull complete
26856d31ce86: Pull complete
2cd68d824f12: Pull complete
7ea1535f18c3: Pull complete
2bef93d9a76e: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:9079aa8582543494225d2b3a28fce526d9a6b06eb06ce2bac3eeee592fcfc49e
Status: Downloaded newer image for python:3.8
docker.io/library/python:3.8
After the image is downloaded, you can use the image to create a container.
Use of Docker containers
4.1 Start the container
Execute the command docker run to start the container, that is, to create an instance of a certain image. The docker run command is very complicated, you can first execute a docker run --help to view the help:
$ docker run --help
Usage: docker run [OPTIONS] IMAGE [COMMAND] [ARG...]
Run a command in a new container
Options:
--add-host list Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (host:ip)
-a, --attach list Attach to STDIN, STDOUT or STDERR
--blkio-weight uint16 Block IO (relative weight), between 10 and 1000, or 0 to disable (default 0)
--blkio-weight-device list Block IO weight (relative device weight) (default [])
--cap-add list Add Linux capabilities
--cap-drop list Drop Linux capabilities
--cgroup-parent string Optional parent cgroup for the container
--cidfile string Write the container ID to the file
--cpu-period int Limit CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) period
--cpu-quota int Limit CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) quota
--cpu-rt-period int Limit CPU real-time period in microseconds
--cpu-rt-runtime int Limit CPU real-time runtime in microseconds
-c, --cpu-shares int CPU shares (relative weight)
--cpus decimal Number of CPUs
--cpuset-cpus string CPUs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)
--cpuset-mems string MEMs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)
-d, --detach Run container in background and print container ID
--detach-keys string Override the key sequence for detaching a container
--device list Add a host device to the container
--device-cgroup-rule list Add a rule to the cgroup allowed devices list
--device-read-bps list Limit read rate (bytes per second) from a device (default [])
--device-read-iops list Limit read rate (IO per second) from a device (default [])
--device-write-bps list Limit write rate (bytes per second) to a device (default [])
--device-write-iops list Limit write rate (IO per second) to a device (default [])
--disable-content-trust Skip image verification (default true)
--dns list Set custom DNS servers
--dns-option list Set DNS options
--dns-search list Set custom DNS search domains
--domainname string Container NIS domain name
--entrypoint string Overwrite the default ENTRYPOINT of the image
-e, --env list Set environment variables
--env-file list Read in a file of environment variables
--expose list Expose a port or a range of ports
--gpus gpu-request GPU devices to add to the container ('all' to pass all GPUs)
--group-add list Add additional groups to join
--health-cmd string Command to run to check health
--health-interval duration Time between running the check (ms|s|m|h) (default 0s)
--health-retries int Consecutive failures needed to report unhealthy
--health-start-period duration Start period for the container to initialize before starting health-retries countdown (ms|s|m|h) (default 0s)
--health-timeout duration Maximum time to allow one check to run (ms|s|m|h) (default 0s)
--help Print usage
-h, --hostname string Container host name
--init Run an init inside the container that forwards signals and reaps processes
-i, --interactive Keep STDIN open even if not attached
--ip string IPv4 address (e.g., 172.30.100.104)
--ip6 string IPv6 address (e.g., 2001:db8::33)
--ipc string IPC mode to use
--isolation string Container isolation technology
--kernel-memory bytes Kernel memory limit
-l, --label list Set meta data on a container
--label-file list Read in a line delimited file of labels
--link list Add link to another container
--link-local-ip list Container IPv4/IPv6 link-local addresses
--log-driver string Logging driver for the container
--log-opt list Log driver options
--mac-address string Container MAC address (e.g., 92:d0:c6:0a:29:33)
-m, --memory bytes Memory limit
--memory-reservation bytes Memory soft limit
--memory-swap bytes Swap limit equal to memory plus swap: '-1' to enable unlimited swap
--memory-swappiness int Tune container memory swappiness (0 to 100) (default -1)
--mount mount Attach a filesystem mount to the container
--name string Assign a name to the container
--network network Connect a container to a network
--network-alias list Add network-scoped alias for the container
--no-healthcheck Disable any container-specified HEALTHCHECK
--oom-kill-disable Disable OOM Killer
--oom-score-adj int Tune host's OOM preferences (-1000 to 1000)
--pid string PID namespace to use
--pids-limit int Tune container pids limit (set -1 for unlimited)
--platform string Set platform if server is multi-platform capable
--privileged Give extended privileges to this container
-p, --publish list Publish a container's port(s) to the host
-P, --publish-all Publish all exposed ports to random ports
--read-only Mount the container's root filesystem as read only
--restart string Restart policy to apply when a container exits (default "no")
--rm Automatically remove the container when it exits
--runtime string Runtime to use for this container
--security-opt list Security Options
--shm-size bytes Size of /dev/shm
--sig-proxy Proxy received signals to the process (default true)
--stop-signal string Signal to stop a container (default "SIGTERM")
--stop-timeout int Timeout (in seconds) to stop a container
--storage-opt list Storage driver options for the container
--sysctl map Sysctl options (default map[])
--tmpfs list Mount a tmpfs directory
-t, --tty Allocate a pseudo-TTY
--ulimit ulimit Ulimit options (default [])
-u, --user string Username or UID (format: <name|uid>[:<group|gid>])
--userns string User namespace to use
--uts string UTS namespace to use
-v, --volume list Bind mount a volume
--volume-driver string Optional volume driver for the container
--volumes-from list Mount volumes from the specified container(s)
-w, --workdir string Working directory inside the container
For example, if we want to execute the python shell, we need to add the -it parameter, namely: docker run -it python:3.8
$ docker run -it python:3.8
Python 3.8.7 (default, Dec 22 2020, 18:46:25)
[GCC 8.3.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>
4.2 Mount the host's files to the container
The docker container is isolated from the host. To allow programs in the container to access files on the host, you need to mount the host's files into the container through the -v parameter. For example, we have a hello.py on the host machine, which can print hello. If we want to execute it in the python container, we need to mount it. After -v, two parameters are needed, which are the directory of the host and the directory in the container. The two are separated by :, and the path must be an absolute path. My hello.py is saved in the /docker_test directory of the main directory, mount this directory to the /docker_test directory of the container, and then execute python /docker_test/hello.py in the container:
$ docker run -v ~/docker_test:/docker_test python:3.8 python /docker_test/hello.py
hello
4.3 Port mapping for containers
Let's modify hello.py, create a socket server, and listen to port 5000. When a client connects, print the client's address. First, the client sends hello, and then closes the connection:
import socket
ip_port = ('127.0.0.1', 5000)
sk = socket.socket()
sk.bind(ip_port)
sk.listen(5)
while True:
print('server waiting...')
conn,addr = sk.accept()
print(addr)
conn.sendall(b'hello\n')
conn.close()
Execute inside the container:
docker run -v ~/docker_test:/docker_test python:3.8 python /docker_test/hello.py
Next, try to connect with the telnet command, but it fails. The reason is that 127.0.0.1 is the ip address of the host, and 5000 is the port of the container, which is slightly different from our habits. In fact, the docker container is very lightweight and does not have its own network. To access the port of the container, port mapping is required to map a certain port of the container to the port of the host. When the client connects, it only needs to connect with Just connect to the port of the host machine.
It should be noted that the server created by the above code cannot be connected by the client anyway, because the ip of 127.0.0.1 is bound in the code. When running in the container, all ips need to be bound, that is, 0.0.0.0 .
import socket
ip_port = ('0.0.0.0', 5000)
sk = socket.socket()
sk.bind(ip_port)
sk.listen(5)
while True:
print('server waiting...')
conn,addr = sk.accept()
print(addr)
conn.sendall(b'hello\n')
conn.close()
Then, use the -p parameter. -p also needs three parameters, namely the host's ip address, the host's port, and the container's port. Use: to separate the three. Generally, you can omit the IP address of the host, and only write the port of the host: the port of the container.
docker run -v ~/docker_test:/docker_test -it -p 5001:5000 python:3.8 python /docker_test/hello.py
In this way, port 5000 of the container is mapped to port 5001 of the host, using:
telnet 127.0.0.1 5001
You can connect to the server in the container.
4.4 Container Management
After the above service is running, you can use the docker ps command to view the running containers:
$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
ec4c86b8a163 python:3.8 "python /docker_test…" 5 seconds ago Up 4 seconds 0.0.0.0:5000->5000/tcp eager_wilson
The displayed content has the following columns:
- CONTAINER ID: Container ID
- IMAGE: image name and version
- COMMAND: the command to execute
- CREATED: container creation time
- STATUS: the status of the container
- PORTS: port mapping
- NAMES: container name
To kill a container, use the docker kill container ID command.