Basic operations of Git
When using Git for version control, there are some basic operations that must be mastered. This chapter describes these basic operations, including how to add and commit files, view and compare changes, undo changes, delete files, and more.
Add and submit files
Git uses a staging area (or index) to manage changes to files. Adding and committing files is one of the most commonly used operations in Git.
add files
To add a file to Git's staging area, you can use the following command:
git add <文件名>
For example, to example.txtadd a file named to the staging area, you can run the following command:
git add example.txt
Submit documents
Committing files is the process of permanently saving the changes in the staging area to the Git repository.
git commit -m "提交信息"
In the above command, -moptions are used to specify the submitted information. The commit message should clearly describe what the commit is about.
For example, to commit the file you just added example.txt, you can run the following command:
git commit -m "添加示例文件 example.txt"
View and compare changes
Git provides a variety of commands to view and compare file changes, helping us understand the differences between the working directory and the warehouse.
View change status
To see the status of changes to files in your working directory, you can use the following command:
git status
This will show information about all modified but not yet staged files, staged but not yet committed files, and untracked files.
compare changes
To compare the changed contents of the files, you can use the following command:
git diff <文件名>
This will show the changes to the specified file in the working directory and the staging diff.
For example, to compare example.txtfile changes, you can run the following command:
git diff example.txt
undo changes
Sometimes we may need to undo changes to files, Git provides some commands to help us roll back to the previous state.
Undo changes in the working directory
To undo changes to files in your working directory, you can use the following command:
git checkout -- <文件名>
This will undo the changes to the specified files and revert to the state of the last commit.
For example, to undo example.txtchanges to a file, run the following command:
git checkout -- example.txt
Undo the changes in the staging area
To undo changes to files in the staging area, you can use the following command:
git reset HEAD <文件名>
This will unstage the specified file, returning it to an unstaged state.
For example, to unstage example.txta file, run the following command:
git reset HEAD example.txt
unsubmit
To undo the last commit, you can use the following command:
git revert HEAD
This will create a new commit that undoes the changes from the last commit.
Delete Files
To delete a file from Git, you can use the following command:
git rm <文件名>
This will remove the specified file from Git's version control.
Please note that after executing the above command, the file will be deleted and cannot be restored, please proceed with caution.
For example, to delete example.txta file named , you can run the following command:
git rm example.txt
The above is a brief introduction to the basic operations of Git. After mastering these basic operations, you can start using Git for version control and team collaboration.
switch commit branch
Use git checkoutthe command and the commit ID of that commit to switch to the specified commit.
git checkout <commitID>
基于commitID创建新分支
git branch 新分支 commitId
git checkout 新分支