- Before installing Ubuntu Server in VMware , I chose LVM for the disk partition, so the default disk size occupied by the system root directory is only 4G. When installing the software, I found that the disk space of 4G is not enough, so I need to use LVM to expand the disk capacity .
- View file system disk space usage
root@ubuntu:~# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev 451M 0 451M 0% /dev
tmpfs 97M 1.3M 96M 2% /run
/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv 3.9G 3.4G 287M 93% /
tmpfs 482M 0 482M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock
tmpfs 482M 0 482M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/loop0 92M 92M 0 100% /snap/core/8689
/dev/loop1 90M 90M 0 100% /snap/core/8268
/dev/sda2 976M 77M 832M 9% /boot
tmpfs 97M 0 97M 0% /run/user/0
It can be found that /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lvthe root directory space of the virtual machine is only 3.9G, 93% of which is used.
- View information about LVM volume groups
root@ubuntu:~# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name ubuntu-vg
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 2
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 1
Open LV 1
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size <19.00 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 4863
Alloc PE / Size 1024 / 4.00 GiB
Free PE / Size 3839 / <15.00 GiB
VG UUID hZPoxm-kSBU-fmKs-2yXD-hHoe-3T7e-PCIFSe
Free PE / Size 3839 / <15.00 GiB, this is the size that can be expanded
- Use commands to expand disk capacity
lvextend -L 10G /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv //增大或减小至19G
lvextend -L +10G /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv //增加10G
lvreduce -L -10G /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv //减小10G
lvresize -l +100%FREE /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv //按百分比扩容
resize2fs /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv //重新调整逻辑卷大小
- The specific operation is as follows
// 按百分比进行磁盘扩容
root@ubuntu:~# lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv
Size of logical volume ubuntu-vg/ubuntu-lv changed from 4.00 GiB (1024 extents) to <19.00 GiB (4863 extents).
Logical volume ubuntu-vg/ubuntu-lv successfully resized.
// 刷新分区
root@ubuntu:~# resize2fs /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv
resize2fs 1.44.1 (24-Mar-2018)
Filesystem at /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv is mounted on /; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 3, new_desc_blocks = 3
The filesystem on /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv is now 4979712 (4k) blocks long.
// 查看文件系统磁盘空间的使用情况（发现此时已经扩容到19G）
root@ubuntu:~# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev 451M 0 451M 0% /dev
tmpfs 97M 1.3M 96M 2% /run
/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv 19G 3.9G 14G 22% /
tmpfs 482M 0 482M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock
tmpfs 482M 0 482M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/loop0 92M 92M 0 100% /snap/core/8689
/dev/loop1 90M 90M 0 100% /snap/core/8268
/dev/sda2 976M 77M 832M 9% /boot
tmpfs 97M 0 97M 0% /run/user/0
// 再次查看LVM卷组的信息（可扩容的空间已经成为0）
root@ubuntu:~# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name ubuntu-vg
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 4
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 1
Open LV 1
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size <19.00 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 4863
Alloc PE / Size 4863 / <19.00 GiB
Free PE / Size 0 / 0
VG UUID hZPoxm-kSBU-fmKs-2yXD-hHoe-3T7e-PCIFSe
A brief introduction to the operation commands involved:
- View block device information [-f]: Display the file system type (such as ext4, NTFS, FAT32, etc.) of each block device and the label of the file system (if any).
root@ubuntu:/home/michael# lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE FSVER LABEL UUID FSAVAIL FSUSE% MOUNTPOINTS
loop0
squash 4.0 0 100% /snap/chromium/2497
loop1
squash 4.0 0 100% /snap/chromium/2529
loop2
squash 4.0 0 100% /snap/core20/1950
loop3
squash 4.0 0 100% /snap/core20/1974
loop4
squash 4.0 0 100% /snap/core22/806
loop5
squash 4.0 0 100% /snap/bare/5
loop6
squash 4.0 0 100% /snap/core22/817
loop7
squash 4.0 0 100% /snap/cups/974
loop8
squash 4.0 0 100% /snap/cups/980
loop9
squash 4.0 0 100% /snap/firefox/2908
loop10
squash 4.0 0 100% /snap/firefox/2850
loop11
squash 4.0 0 100% /snap/lxd/22753
loop12
squash 4.0 0 100% /snap/gnome-3-38-2004/140
loop13
squash 4.0 0 100% /snap/gtk-common-themes/1535
loop14
squash 4.0 0 100% /snap/gnome-3-38-2004/143
loop15
squash 4.0 0 100% /snap/snapd/19361
loop16
squash 4.0 0 100% /snap/lxd/24061
loop17
squash 4.0 0 100% /snap/snapd/19457
sda
├─sda1
│ ext2 1.0 0c16e136-b08b-48e6-beb1-27379362182b 417.3M 37% /boot
├─sda2
│
└─sda5
LVM2_m LVM2 qjGstm-EyqI-EL1p-tm6H-TZkq-tQt2-0Asw5u
├─ubuntu--vg-root
│ ext4 1.0 02df78f3-9fac-45f6-a163-bc25f8477529 19.2G 79% /var/snap/firefox/common/host-hunspell
│ /
└─ubuntu--vg-swap_1
swap 1 f1afd974-2f40-42f3-b9bc-a89da3b559d8 [SWAP]
sr0
- Display the detailed information of the physical volume, including the name, size, volume group, status, etc. of the physical volume.
root@ubuntu:/home/michael# pvdisplay
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/sda5
VG Name ubuntu-vg
PV Size 119.28 GiB / not usable 0
Allocatable yes (but full)
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 30536
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 30536
PV UUID qjGstm-EyqI-EL1p-tm6H-TZkq-tQt2-0Asw5u
- Display the detailed information of the volume group, including the name of the volume group, the number of physical volumes, the number of logical volumes, the total size, free space, etc.
root@ubuntu:/home/michael# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name ubuntu-vg
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 5
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 2
Open LV 2
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size 119.28 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 30536
Alloc PE / Size 30536 / 119.28 GiB
Free PE / Size 0 / 0
VG UUID xwbdQH-DBvq-qdzk-DQ3H-ofgA-0Y4B-Sl3FwF
- Display the detailed information of the logical volume, such as the name, size, path, status, etc. of the logical volume.
root@ubuntu:/home/michael# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/ubuntu-vg/root
LV Name root
VG Name ubuntu-vg
LV UUID zIloDt-sa12-qqXk-7fKM-6Veu-09Pq-aedUBb
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time ubuntu, 2022-06-29 11:28:04 +0800
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size <118.33 GiB
Current LE 30292
Segments 2
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:0
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/ubuntu-vg/swap_1
LV Name swap_1
VG Name ubuntu-vg
LV UUID di3eEs-oTyG-4u4z-JlVF-2P7a-6ke0-x6tIqx
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time ubuntu, 2022-06-29 11:28:04 +0800
LV Status available
# open 2
LV Size 976.00 MiB
Current LE 244
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:1
- Show filesystem usage
- [-h]: Display the file system size in an easy-to-read manner, converting byte units to the more common kilobytes, megabytes, and gigabytes.
- [-T]: Display the file system type in the output.
root@ubuntu:/home/michael# df -hT
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
tmpfs tmpfs 791M 3.6M 787M 1% /run
/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root ext4 117G 92G 20G 83% /
tmpfs tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock
/dev/sda1 ext2 719M 265M 418M 39% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 791M 116K 791M 1% /run/user/1000