Tips for translating Chinese papers into English for submission to foreign journals
Foreword: The following is purely my continuous summary in the translation paper. If there are any mistakes or additions, you are welcome to leave a message in the comment area and make progress together.
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1. Recommended translation platforms
（1）deeply
First of all, deeply must be pushed. This translation software is really easy to use, and the translation is very authentic. You can also choose advanced words, or use another expression, which can make the preliminary translation of the paper smooth.
（2）grammarly
Grammarly is a must. I usually buy a one-month membership on Taobao when I want to translate, to unlock advanced features (it is recommended to buy a personal account with top-up value, do not share an account with others, and do not use plug-ins to crack, because these will leak the content of the paper risks of). This software can be used stably on the domestic network. I am used to copying deeply translations here for grammar checks. However, after all, this software uses AI to help you read grammar, and there will be many problems. For example, it will always prompt you to express in a more positive way, and some professional vocabulary will also prompt you to change it, so no matter the translation How about it, you still have to check it out yourself in the end, don't completely rely on the machine.
（3）quilltbot
Must push quilltbot. The function of this software is also very powerful, and it can realize functions such as grammar correction, vocabulary replacement, sentence rewriting, etc., but the domestic network is unstable. Like Grammarly, if you need to use advanced functions, try not to use plug-ins, because there will be a risk of paper leakage. I am used to modifying the sentence structure in this, because the paper cannot always use the initiative, and the sentence structure change can make the paper more authentic!
(4) Others
There are also some small websites, which I don’t use very much, but I heard others recommend them hahaha, you can explore by yourself: https://www.home-for-researchers.com/paper/index.html#/
2. Do not abuse academic words
(1) The terminology must be correct:
The use of technical terms is related to whether you can echo the circle of your research topic, don't become a circle yourself (ha ha ha ha). You can go to Google Scholar to verify: enter "tourism short video" in the search bar to find how many results there are in total, enter "short tourism video" in the search bar to see how many results there are, and the ones with the most are technical terms.
.Similarly
, this method is also applicable to determine the prepared variable name when searching for the topic selection variable at the beginning. Only in this way can you identify your research soil.
(2) Professional terms should be unified throughout:
Once the technical terms are determined, it is necessary to carefully check whether the full text is consistent in the subsequent translation, otherwise the reviewers may think that the author is not serious. Secondly, some variables and the concepts of variables must be reviewed in the literature you refer to to check whether the words are correct and standardized. For example, if you want to use presence, telepresence, and sense of presence, these are all things that need to be paid attention to in translation.
(3) Academic words should be used in consideration of the situation:
In your own research situation, is it tourism destination or tourist destination? These should be considered based on your own research and the subtle differences between these two words.
(4) Translation of idioms or puns in Chinese:
Some idioms, idioms, and puns in Chinese papers are actually difficult to translate accurately by machine in English logic. These words must be searched word by word on Baidu! ! ! However, this problem can be completely avoided. Emme means that when you first write in Chinese, you must consider whether the paper is to be submitted in Chinese or in a foreign language. If it is in a foreign language, why not change it to a sentence that is easy to translate and easy to understand?
(5) Use less absolute words
Use less must in papers, and more may, should, can, could... ssci Chinese and English expressions will be more euphemistic
(6) Use concise words
Sometimes some prepositions such as of can be expressed in another way. In the field of tourism research is 6 words. It will be more concise if it is replaced by In Tourism Research, especially when the sentence is relatively long. .
(7) Use advanced and accurate words
(1) Can Importance use advanced words? There are many related substitute words, all of which can be replaced when using deep! ! ! There are also some adverbs such as mainly, it is generally better to use majorly and principally. In short, try to make our words rich and advanced.
(2) Pay attention to accuracy when replacing high-level vocabulary. The use of high-level words should be based on the meaning in the sentence, or the connection between sentences. For example, when replacing conjunctions, if there is a total score, causality, etc. relationship between the upper and lower sentences? Be careful when using conjunctions.
(3) When replacing advanced vocabulary, we should also pay attention to the "habitual words" in English papers. For example, keywords, variables, theory... These words should be seldom replaced in the text.
3. Sentence requirements
(1) The sentence pattern is concise.
In Chinese, there are often: this research supplements xxx, expands xx, and enriches xx. This series is no problem in Chinese, but in English, the sentence structure is very long, so sentence segmentation is necessary. To minimize 4-5 lines are one sentence and one paragraph more than 15 lines . At the same time, you should also pay attention to where to break the sentence, and you can choose what adverb to link after the break.
(2) The sentence pattern needs to be changed
1. When we are expressing the concept of something, we cannot always use the concept of a isxxxx, we are looking for more replacements, a focus on; a concern xxxx
2. When we express previous research, previous study analysis...scholars explore...these can be used, but not too frequently, and you can also try xx was highlighted xxx. Don't use the whole text of "on the hand", it's better to replace it with other conjunctions! !
3. Next, give some examples of sentence patterns that are more commonly used and can be changed: Of course, the following examples can be found on this website ** https://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk/ **, this website A large number of sentence patterns are provided for our English writing of each sentence. When you are translating, you can refer to it more.
| a | b |
|---|---|
| In stating the importance of our research, you could say: | X is fundamental to … X has a pivotal role in … It has also been emphasized in previous literature: Evidence suggests that X is among the most important factors for … There is a growing body of literature that recognizes the importance of … |
| Past scholars commonly used in literature reviews, past research, you can say: | Recent evidence suggests that … Extensive research has shown that … It has previously been observed that … Several attempts have been made to … Previous research has established that … |
| To point out the lack or insufficiency of previous research in this area of research, you could say: | There is little published data on … There has been little quantitative analysis of … A search of the literature revealed few studies which So far, however, there has been little discussion about … |
| To explain what our research is about, you could say something like this: | This paper attempts to show that … The central thesis of this paper is that … The aim of this essay is to explore the relationship between … |
(3) Importance ranking in sentences
English is very particular about logic, and most of the opinion sentences are put first, followed by the argumentation of the opinion sentences.
.So
from the perspective of large paragraphs, English mostly adopts the structure of total scores, and the first sentence of the paragraph must have an obvious general starting sentence. At the same time, there are some paragraphs that will connect the past and the future at the end, paving the way for the next paragraph .
.From
the point of view of a sentence, the core idea you want to express in a sentence should be placed at the front of the sentence, and the subordinate clauses and other things can be placed later . For example, in the introduction, we often express "higher education attaches great importance to a diverse learning environment, and has adopted various reform methods to create a diverse environment and promote students' diverse thinking", then in English translation, it can be translated as "diverse The learning environment is crucial to cultivating the diverse thinking of higher education students, and colleges and universities have also adopted various reform measures to create a diverse learning environment.” In short, you must fully understand what the sentence is trying to express, what is the core point of view, and put the core point of view forward.
Fourth, the tense should be accurate
No matter which part you want to write, these tenses are just for reference. You still need to read more English literature, imitate writing, and combine the sentence meaning of your own paper to determine the tense!
(1) Summary
1. The abstract is mainly based on the present tense , when introducing the research background and current situation += the present tense ( but if it is emphasized that the real problem has always existed, the present perfect tense should be used . For example: Using retouched images of models in advertisements to embody idealized beauty prototypes ( eg, flawless skin) in various cultures
has been a prevalent yet controversial practice.);
2. Explain the work done, that is, the investigation process (this study conducted two online experiments to assess the effects of ad retouching and disclaimers on advertising effectiveness.) + report the research results (The results revealed that) = use the simple past tense
- When the last sentence of the abstract states the research conclusions and sublimation of meaning (The findings provide theoretical and practical insights into how brands can better appeal to contemporary Chinese female consumers) = present tense
(2) In the introduction
1. Explain your own research + research value + commonly known facts + previous research conclusions you support = simple present tense (main) ;
2. Research methods used in previous studies + overturned conclusions + laws issued in the past, activities held, etc. + specific examples of previous scholars’ opinions = simple past tense
(3) In the literature review section
1. Review previous research + give examples of past research = past tense
2. Recent research + explain variable definitions and interrelationships between variables = present tense
3. Generalization of past research (for example: More generally, numerous studies in advertising and marketing have found high quality images with professional aesthetics to stimulate optimal consumer responses) + recently completed research (eg: recent studies have shown) = present perfect tense
(4) Research method or experimental process part (mostly simple past tense)
1. Explain the experimental process in detail + describe the sample (for example, A total of 394 Chinese female participants completed the online experiment and completed the questionnaire on Sojump,) + research data results = general past tense
2. Describe tables or pictures + compare different research results = General present tense
3. Writing in the part of data analysis is actually very important. This part is the best to compress the word count and simplify the paper, but it is also difficult to write smoothly (most novices will write in a dull manner, and the reviewers see it very well. It's hard work) , so you need to refer to similar literature and learn from other people's data analysis and writing.
(5) Research conclusion and discussion
1. Summarize your own research results = simple past tense
2. Reveal the sublimation of the importance of research results (Overall, these results emphasize the importance of different types of photo aesthetics...) = simple present tense
(6) Research contribution and practical significance
This part is mostly present simple or present perfect
(7) Research Insufficiency and Prospects
Insufficient research: Use the general past tense when explaining your own research.
Outlook: For future research guidance, use future study should do; Future studies could test; Future research can also study
5. Format requirements
(1) The paragraph format must be left-aligned;
(2) The first paragraph under the title must not be empty.
(3) The second paragraph needs a blank paragraph, and there is no blank line between each paragraph.
(4) The table is uniformly aligned to the upper left, and the first letter is capitalized.
These are the writing habits of foreigners. We must do this when submitting the manuscript. Although the editor will change it in the end, but following the writing habits of foreigners can make a good first impression.
6. Other matters needing attention
(1) If xx scholar Zhu (2022)'s research is cited in the paper, if the author is not alone, Zhu et al. (2022) must be cited; this depends on the requirements of the journal you are submitting to, and can be modeled on other journals in that journal Some literature citations require more than three people to write et al, and three people or less must be written.
(2) The author's name, year, issue volume (some may not have it, but the year is available), page number, etc. in the references need to be checked and checked. There is one special thing to note: if there is a point of view of a book cited in the paper, it is best to mark the page of the book (because the reviewers will really ask this, if you don’t mark it, you have to remember it yourself )
(3) The paper after proofreading should be checked again in full, because the proofreader is not necessarily your professional or understands your academic terminology, he may replace it for you. And now the quality of embellishment is getting lower and lower, so be sure to check yourself again!