Linux
1. History of Linux development
（1）1946.2.14，美国研制出第一台计算机“埃尼阿克”，用来计算导弹的弹道轨迹的（军事用途）
（2）硅谷模式：
政府投钱---->先在实验室用于军事用途–>技术一旦成熟，进行新兴技术商业化–>将技术打包成为产品，卖给普通老百姓–>普通人赚钱买产品的钱来养活各种公司，并且普通人为了赚钱买，去打工，为公司提供劳动力
这样一来，就有了人，钱，技术
（3）IBM,苹果，微软，intel—>软硬件公司
（4）软件技术（也就是操作系统）也在发展：
I.早期使用UNIX系统，使用的是汇编语言，很难理解和使用
II.UNIX之父：肯汤普森 和 C语言之父： 丹尼斯里奇 共同用C语言重新编写了操作系统
III.搭载操作系统的计算机诞生了（软件）
计算机也慢慢变得小型化了（硬件）
IBM公司对计算机进行商业化,但是很贵–>政府,学校,各种公司使用计算机
The University of Helsinki in Finland has top-level laboratories and computers. In 1991, a student used a computer with a UNIX system –> after trying, he wrote a small operating system by himself and set it as open source (open source means that the source code is open). It has been widely spread all over the world. The system is named Linux, which means that Linux is not unix. This student is the father of linux .Reina Storvalds
(5) Linux open source makes :
the top hackers and top engineers in the industry devote themselves to the Linux system and share codes with the Linux community. These hackers and top engineers are actually not short of money, and they also believe that OS technology can change the world, so they are willing to devote themselves to the development of Linux. Linux continues to develop, and the version is also constantly improving
(6) Regarding open source and closed source:
(7) Linux distribution version:
1. Technical perspective: http://kernel.org/Technical
release version: major version number. minor version number. number of revisions
Among them, the minor version number:
even number –> stable version
odd number –> beta version
Knowledge points:
I. Linux is a free and open source UNIX-like operating system . The kernel of this operating system was first released by Reina Storvalz in 1991. Later, after adding user space applications, it became the Linux operating system. Strictly speaking, Linux is just the operating system kernel itself, but the term "Linux kernel" is often used to mean that. Linux, on the other hand, is often used to refer to a complete operating system based on the Linux kernel, which includes GUI components and many other utilities.
II. The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or GPL for short) is a widely used free software license agreement. It was originally written by Richard Stallman for the GNU project. GPL gives the definition of free software for computer programs. Any product derived from GPL software development must adopt the GPL license when it is released, and must disclose the source code III
.Linux is the most famous example of the development of free software and open source software. As long as they follow the GNU General Public License, any individual or institution can freely use all the underlying source code of Linux, and can also freely modify and redistribute it.. With the rapid development of the Linux operating system, various open source software and practical tools integrated on Linux have also been applied and popularized. Therefore, Linux has also become synonymous with open source software.
A small team in the United States transplanted and cut the Linux code and ported it to mobile phones, but they had no money to promote and use it. In the end, they were acquired by a large company, Google, and set all the codes of this project as open source. They called this project Android, which is for ordinary people .
I also want to use it in various enterprises:
Linux commercial distributions appeared.
2. Linux commercial distribution
centos / redhat (version: 6.5/7/8)
Ubuntu (version: 10.04 / 11.04 / 12.04 / 16...)
kail
debian
red flag...
The above are all operating systems based on the linux kernel
2. The development process of foreign computers
（1）Jobs: The founder of Apple, who makes both software and hardware.
After he visited Xerox, he got the inspiration of the graphical interface
.
Generally speaking, Apple's products are better, but the price is more expensive. Apple is a monopoly of the entire ecological chain and provides everything. Computers using its operating system must have the Apple logo.
（2）bill gates: Founder of Microsoft Corporation
After seeing the graphical interface that Jobs had made, Bill Gates improved his own operating system , and also proposed a graphical interface—>windows At the beginning, Microsoft + IBM cooperated, one mainly made software, and the other mainly made hardware. Enterprise computers were monopolized by IBM, but the price was still too expensive for ordinary people to afford. The cost is lower and the spread is wider. So now most people use computers with OS:windows chip: intel (
3
)
compared with the
above :
3. Current status of Linux enterprise applications
1. The development of Linux in the server field
With the increasing influence of open source software in the world, Linux server operating system has occupied more and more market share in the whole server operating system market structure, and has formed a situation of large-scale market application. And maintained a rapid growth rate. Especially in key national fields such as government, finance, agriculture, transportation, and telecommunications. In addition, considering the rapid growth of Linux and the support of relevant national policies, Linux server products will definitely be able to impact a larger server market.
According to the statistics of authoritative departments, Linux has occupied 75% of the market share in the server field. At the same time, the rapid rise of Linux in the server market has attracted great attention from the global IT industry, and has become the backbone of the server operating system field with a strong momentum.
2. The development of Linux in the desktop field (mobile phones, tablets)
In recent years, especially in the domestic market, the development trend of the Linux desktop operating system is very rapid. Domestic Linux desktop operating systems launched by domestic system software manufacturers such as Kylin Linux, Red Flag Linux, and Deepin Linux have been widely used in government, enterprise, OEM and other fields. In addition, SUSE and Ubuntu have successively launched Linux-based desktop systems, especially Ubuntu Linux, which has accumulated a large number of community users. However, from the point of view of the overall function and performance of the system, there is still a certain gap between the Linux desktop system and the Windows series, mainly in the aspects of system ease of use, system management, software and hardware compatibility, and richness of software.
3. The development of Linux in the field of mobile embedded
The low cost of Linux, powerful customization functions, and good portability make Linux widely used in embedded systems. Currently, Linux is widely used in mobile phones, tablet computers, routers, TVs, and video game consoles. The Android operating system, widely used on mobile devices, is built on top of the Linux kernel. At present, Android has become the most popular smartphone operating system in the world. According to the latest statistics from authoritative departments in 2015, the global market share of Android operating system has reached 84.6%.
In addition, Cisco also uses a customized version of Linux for network firewalls and routers. Alibaba Cloud has also developed a Linux-based operating system "YunOS", which can be used for smartphones, tablet PCs and Internet TVs; common digital video recorders, stage lighting control systems, etc. are gradually implemented using customized versions of Linux, all thanks to the power of Linux and open source.
4. The development of Linux in the field of cloud computing/big data
The rapid development of the Internet industry has led to the formation and rapid development of cloud computing and big data industries. Cloud computing and big data are platforms based on open source software, and Linux occupies the core advantage; according to the research of the Linux Foundation, 86% of enterprises have used the Linux operating system to build cloud computing and big data platforms. At present, Linux has begun to replace Unix as the most popular operating system for cloud computing and big data platforms.