What is a calculator?
The task of the calculator is to receive user input data and instructions, and transmit them to the central processing unit to generate and obtain useful information.
In layman's terms, a calculator refers to an input device for us to input data and instructions, a central processing unit to process data, and an output device to obtain useful data. Then we know that personal calculators, ATMs, mobile phones, computers, etc. are all calculators.
Components of a calculator
The components of the calculator are mainly divided into three parts:
1. Input unit: keyboard, mouse and other devices that can input data.
2. Host part: system unit, including central processing unit and main memory.
3. Output unit: screen, printer, etc.
CPU：
The CPU is a chip with specific functions, which contains a micro-instruction set. If you want the host to perform any function, you must first ensure that the micro-instruction set contains the instructions to be executed.
CPU structure:
1. Arithmetic logic unit: responsible for program operation and logic judgment.
2. Control unit: responsible for coordinating the work between peripheral components and units.
How the CPU works:
Every time the CPU processes data, it does not directly take the data input by the user from the input device to the CPU, but first transfers the data to the main memory, and then passes it to the CPU through the main memory. passed to the output device. For example, the following picture:
Types of CPUs:
1. Reduced Instruction Set (RISC): The instruction set is relatively streamlined, the operation performed is relatively simple, the running time is short, and the execution performance is better, but complex things require multiple instructions to complete.
2. Complex instruction set (CISC): The instruction set is relatively complex and can perform low-level hardware operations. Each instruction is long and complex, and it can handle a lot of work.
[Miscellaneous talk: Why is a personal computer called an x86 architecture computer? The earliest CPU developed by Intel was code-named 8086, and later developed 80286, 80386..., so the CPU of this architecture is called x86 architecture]
CPU frequency:
The faster the frequency of the CPU, the more times of execution per unit time (under the same command, the higher the frequency, the more execution times), usually divided into multiplier and FSB, frequency = multiplier * FSB.
Multiplier: The frequency at which the CPU works internally.
FSB: The frequency at which the CPU and external devices exchange data
data transmission:
Data transfers are bus-dependent. The 32-bit/64-bit we often say is the width of the bus. Just like a road, the wider the width, the more vehicles are allowed to pass at a time.
The difference between the old and new x96 architecture CPU:
The main reason is that the new x86 has a more advanced micro-instruction set, which can accelerate the operation of multimedia programs, enhance virtualization performance, increase energy efficiency, and reduce CPU power consumption.
other devices:
1. Interface equipment: the motherboard is responsible for connecting all the equipment together so that the equipment can coordinate and communicate. The most important thing is the motherboard chipset - bringing all the equipment together.
The chipset is usually divided into two bridges to control the device:
1. North Bridge: Responsible for devices with faster link speeds such as CPU and main memory.
2. South Bridge: Responsible for devices with slow link speeds such as hard drives and USB.
(Part of the CPU design CPU can directly access the main memory without going through the North Bridge, in order to speed up the link speed)
2. Storage device: hard disk, CD, etc.
3. Display device: monitor.
4. Network device: network connection.
A calculator can be compared to a human body:
1. CPU: The brain of the human body, responsible for thinking, judging and controlling the behavior of various parts of the body.
2. Main memory: The temporary memory part of the brain.
3. Hard disk: the long-term storage part of the brain,
4. Motherboard: the neural network in the human body.
5. Interface equipment: the key to interact with the outside world such as hands, feet, and skin.
6. Display adaptation requirements: cornea, the part that presents images.
7. Power supply: heart.
Calculator units of capacity:
Computers only know 0/1, the unit is bit, 1Byte=8bits (each 1bit represents 1 bit)
[Miscellaneous talk: Why is there only 466G of the 500G hard disk after formatting? Because the hard disk manufacturer uses decimal units, that is to say, 500GByte is 500*1000*1000*1000Byte, but after converting to binary, the base is 1024, that is, the actual size is: 500*1000*1000*1000/1024/1024/ 1024 so only 466GB capacity]